Get a textbook On the notecard provided Write

Get a textbook

On the notecard provided Write out some characteristics or traits that come to mind when you think of a ‘psychologist’.

On the other side of the notecard Write out some characteristics or traits that come to mind when you think of a ‘scientist’.

The Science of Psychology CHAPTER 1

Psychology The science of studying behavior and mental processes of animals and humans. Over 50 different divisions that look at everything from the make up of the brain to why we dream or social interactions among racial groups and the effects it has on self esteem. IT IS COMPLICATED and EXCITING

Scientific method in Psychology 1. Collect Data through systematic observations 2. Develop theories to explain what happened 3. Make Predictions as to why 4. Test through various methods 5. Analyze results 6. Attempt to predict and control using results

Example

1. Collect data through observation You notice a correlation between your co workers productive level and coffee consumption. Correlation – A naturally occurring relationship between two variables.

2. Develop theories to explain what happened You theorize that coffee must make all people more productive. Theory- Systematic explanation of a phenomenon, it organizes known facts, allows us to predict new facts.

3. Make Predictions as to why You create the hypothesis that coffee must increase your reaction time. Hypothesis- Specific, testable, predictions from a theory.

4. Test through various methods You survey coffee drinkers about the effects. You create an experiment where you take a sample of coworkers and give caffeinated coffee to half and decaffeinated (a placebo) to the others. You then test their reaction times using a simple task.

5. Analyze results You compare the results from your control group with those of your experimental group.

6. Attempt to predict and control using results You can now predict that caffeine increases response time and recommend that everyone drink caffeinated coffee to increase performance. OR CAN YOU?

What are some questions about the experiment that might give you second thoughts about coming to the conclusion that coffee increases productivity?

Fields of Psychology

Developmental Psych The study of your physical and mental growth from prenatal period till old age. They have Child psychologists, Adolescent psychologist, and Life span psychologists (focus on adults and how they deal with parenting, retirement and prospect of death).

Experimental psychology They conduct research on the basic psychological processes which are, learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation and emotion.

Personality psychology Personality psychologists study the difference in people in certain traits, like anxiety and aggression. They try to figure out what makes people moody or easy going. Another thing studied is whether the differences between men and woman or different races are consistent.

Clinical or counseling psychology Clinical psychologists are most interested in the diagnosis, cause and treatment of psychological disorders. Counseling psychologists deal with the normal problems like career or coping problems. Both psychologists divide their time between treating patients and conducting research.

Social Psychology The study of how people influence one another. Social psychologists explore the issues such as first impressions, interpersonal attraction, prejudice and conformity.

Industrial/ organizational psychology industrial and organizational psychologists deal with practical issues such as selecting and training personnel, improving productivity and working conditions and the impact of other workers. they can use this to see if organizations operate differently under male and female authority

Neuroscience and physiological psychology Physiological psychologists and neuroscientists study the biological reasons for peoples emotions and thoughts. They also study how the brain and nervous system develop and function. Behavioral genetics investigate how heredity effect behaviors and abnormal traits, like whether depression runs in the family.

Endless job opportunities School counselor Sports Psychologist Psychiatrist Engineering Psychologist Correctional Facilities Psychologist Military Psychologist Corporate Manger The list goes on….

Homework DUE Tuesday Read pages 2 – 23 Complete the color coded notes for these sections. They will be reviewed for completion on Tuesday.

Prepare yourself for a quiz.

Quiz How is Psychology considered a Science? Define Developmental Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Personality Psychology. Which field of psychology were you most interested in? Explain why.

With all these different fields, what binds them together?

5 enduring issues In psychology

The 5 enduring issues 1. Nature vs. Nurture 2. Person vs. Situation 3. Stability vs. Change 4. Diversity vs. Universality 5. Mind vs. Body

Nature Vs. Nurture Heredity and genes influence behavior versus the environment and experience influences behavior.

Person Vs. Situation Behavior is caused by processes that occur inside a person (i. e. thoughts, emotions…) versus Behavior is caused by stimuli that occurs outside the person. (i. e. incentives, presence of other people)

Stability vs. Change Characteristics we develop in childhood are permanent and fixed Versus change occurs in predictable (and unpredictable) ways throughout life.

Diversity Vs. Universality We all behave differently based on our race, gender, etc. Versus We all behave in similar patterns regardless of what we are.

Mind Vs. Body We behave based off of what we experience using things like emotions or thoughts. Versus We behave based off of biological factors such as the nervous system.

Why do people cheat in relationships?

n o s r e P

The evolution of Psychology

Studying the mind Studying Behavior Cognitive Revolution

Building a Science… Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchener: Voluntarism and structuralism. They searched for the basic units of experience. Felt that our attention is controlled by us. We decide what we do.

William James Founded functionalism Studied how humans use perception to function in our environment. What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes.

Studying Behavior Sub consciousness Conditioning Learning Evolution Genetics

Dorthea Dix Jean Piaget Erikson Carl Rogers Albert Ellis BF Skinner Alfred Adler Anna Freud Ivan Pavlov Abraham Maslow Sigmund Freud

Partner Presentations Work together using Power. Point on office 365. Presentations will be on Thursday of next week. See the rubric for expectations.

Color Coded Notes Peer Review Be honest

Perspectives IN MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

What is Agoraphobia? What Causes it? • An anxiety disorder in which there are repeated attacks of intense fear and anxiety, and a fear of being in places where escape might be difficult, or where help might not be available.

Biological/Evolutionary Perspective Behavior and mental processes such as physical traits and social behavior that have changed over time. Biological makeup of the brain can greatly impact behavior.

Cognitive Perspective Psychologist that use Cognitive perspectives study the information process of the “Mind“. All behavior is first thought out before action. Through this perspective behavior is determined by personal values, choices, and how we perceive information.

Humanistic perspective Believe personal experiences are the most important aspect of psychology. Consciousness & self awareness allow us to make our own choices and “invent ourselves”. Free Will The goal of humanistic psychology is to help people explore feelings, manage negative impulses & find their potential.

Psychoanalytical Perspective Stress the influence of subconscious force on human behavior. There is a deep reason you do not understand yet. (Thanks Freud) By bringing up the subconscious they aim to heal those afflicted with behavioral or personality disorders.

Behavioral Perspective Past experiences and your environment are the strongest influences on your behavior. We learn habits through reinforcement and consequences.

Learning Perspective Psychologist in this camp believe that the behavior is learned either from direct experience or by observing other people.

Socio-Cultural Perspective Studies the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socio-economic status on behavior and mental processes.

Look over the different perspectives of psychology

Andrea Yates While you watch record reasons explained for her behavior. When finished you will have to explain which perspective explains her behavior and why.

Cognitive: Mental functioning – she thought she was possessed by the devil and her children were not developing properly Biopsychological (neuroscience): biological defect, bipolar diagnosis, neurotransmitter problems, postpartum depression, or mood disorder that runs in the family Social-Cultural: Family dynamics, husband extended family not supportive Behavioral: learned response, negative environmental influences Psychoanalytic: childhood conflicts or trauma results in unconscious forces prevailing Humanistic: Lost faith in self as a mother, hopelessness

Which two perspectives do you believe explains her behavior and why?

Research Methods

Research Methods Observation Case Studies Surveys Correlational Research Experimental Research

Naturalistic Observation Three goals 1. To gather information. 2. To predict If you can establish relationships among variables. (Correlations) 3. To explain if you can establish cause and effect relationships. (Through experiments)

Observation without intervention Observation of behavior in a natural setting, without any attempt to intervene. The situation is not manipulated or controlled by the investigator.

Advantages Allows observation of behavior exactly as it occurs in the real world. Helps to establish external validity of the research findings. Ethical considerations may prevent the manipulation of a variable. Ex. Psychologists who study reactions to school shootings.

Drawbacks Reactivity - where a subject’s behavior is different when the person knows they are being observed. The subject’s expectations about what the experiment is about can change their responses.

The Hawthorn Effect

How do we avoid Reactivity? Unobtrusive observation - Don’t let people know that they’re being observed. Deception - Don’t tell the subject the real reason for conducting the study. Make them think the experiment is about something different. Blind study - The experimenter can conduct the study so that the subject is blind as to their role in the study. Double-blind study - Both the subject and the experimenter are blind to the purpose.

Observation WITH intervention Observation of behavior in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates part of the interaction.

Why intervene? Helps to cause an event that occurs infrequently in nature. Allows us to arrange conditions so that important variables are controlled and consequent behaviors can be observed.

Data Collecting techniques Narrative record – Write out what you are observing as it happens. Later on you review the notes and try to organize your findings. Recording – Limits bias of what gets recorded and what doesn’t. Coding data - the process of assigning a different number to each category of the behavior being observed.

Sampling Time sampling - Record what the person is doing at regular intervals of time. Event sampling - Record every instance of the behavior or the event. And you record how often these events occurred.

Coded Data in action Break up into groups of 3 1 will be the observer, the other two will be the subjects.

Do now… Pick a partner you would like to work with for the observation activity.

Create your own Naturalistic Observation Working with a partner Go to the class webpage and open the document titled “Naturalistic Observation”

Homework Read and complete your color coded notes for pages 30 – 40. Due Friday

Do Now Get a laptop and complete the post observation questions from the assignment. Email completed assignments to steve. odonnell@wattsburg. org

Surveys

Lets take a couple Use your phone or a laptop Go to the unit 1 page of our Psychology website. Click on the link to the right that says “Interest Survey” and take the quiz. After that… Click on the link that says “interest survey 2”

Did you have difficulty answering any of them? Which one did you like best? Were they flawed? How so? Which one is more reliable?

The Psychology of taking a survey… Respondents must interpret the question, retrieve relevant information from memory, form a judgment, convert that judgment into one of the response options provided, and finally edit their response as necessary.

How many drinks do you consume in a typical day? _____ a lot more than average _____ somewhat fewer than average _____ a lot fewer than average

Open Ended Questions – Participants respond however they see fit. Example: How much liquid do you drink in a day? What types of liquid do you drink daily? Advantages: Avoids influencing responses. Easy to write Cons: More time consuming on the participant. Harder to analyze results.

Closed-ended items ask a question and provide a set of response options for participants to choose from. Ex: On a scale of 0 (no pain at all) to 10 (worst pain ever experienced), how much pain are you in right now? Advantages Quick for people to complete. Focus on specific variables they wish to study. Cons Difficult to write Limits what information can be gathered Can be confusing for participants if poorly worded

Formatting the Questionnaire Have an introduction 1. Encourage people to take the survey 2. Established informed consent by… 1. Tell them the topic 2. Inform them of the time it will take 3. Tell them they can withdraw at any time 4. Inform them of confidentiality

Other helpful tips Start with the most important items for purposes of the research and proceed to less important items. Items should also be grouped by topic or by type. Ex: items using the same rating scale (e. g. , a 5 -point agreement scale) should be grouped together if possible to make things easier.

Lets Make a survey! Create a survey based off of the topic picked Friday. Using office 365 Forms create your survey. Share the survey with me @ steve. odonnell@wattsburg. org Must be at least 15 questions and follow best practices discussed in class. The survey will need to be administered to your friends via social media. OR via paper form. We will share our results on Thursday. Can be open ended or closed… your choice.

Discuss with a partner that you DID NOT work with on the survey… What are you trying to uncover in your survey? Have you received any results and if so what have you found?

Ethics in research

- Worldwide it is estimated that the number of animals used is in the tens of millions a year. - One estimate of mice and rats used in the US alone in 2010 was 92 million. - Most are euthanized after the experiment.

What is being tested? 90 -95% of the animals used have been rodents and mice, principally rats, mice, and pigeons. Cats are most commonly used in neurological research half of whom were used in experiments which cause "pain and/or distress". 26, 000/year Small % use Primates for correlational studies.

Treatment of Humans The APA’s code of ethics Informed Consent Informed of the nature of the study Risks and possible effects must be spelled out Cannot deceive about risks

Psychology research gone wrong…