GERUNDS INFINITIVES Some verbs are followed by an

GERUNDS &INFINITIVES

Some verbs are followed by an infinitive. The infinitive is the root of the verb. It can be used with TO or without TO ı want to see the manager. /ı should work hard. USAGES • As the subject of the sentence To climb mountain will be difficult for us. To know how to behave in the class is good for you. But it is more usual to begin with the sentence with IT It ‘ll be difficult for us to climb mountain. It is good for you to know how to behave in the class.

• After some certain verbs; Agree, appear, decide, want, expect, hope, plan, refuse, need, pretend Advise, would like, offer, manage, seem, try, learn, fail, arrange, Wait(can’t wait), afford(can’t afford), happen, forget, ask…. . If the verbs are followed by another verb, the second verb is normally the infinitive. He promised to help me. We decided to sell our house. I hope to see you again. I can’t afford to buy a new car.

• Not to infinitive They pretended not to see us. They seem not to understand me. He decided not to invite them to the party. • After help , we use with to or without to She helped us (to) carry our suitcases. He helped me (to)do my homework. • But after can’t help (can’t avoid), Ving is used I can’t help laughing when I see him.

• After the verbs we use object+ to V 1 Verb+pronoun+to inf. Advise sb to do sth, allow, ask, expect, get, invite, persuade, tell, help, Need, remind, forbid, require, want, warn, teach, force, encourage… I invited Jack to have dinner with us. He asked us to tell the truth. I want my students to study hard. I need to earn much money.

• After some verbs we can use a question word + to inf. I don’t know how to speak Germen He hasn’t decided what to buy yet. He will tell us where to sleep. • With imperatives in reported speech ‘stop’ he asked me to stop. ‘don’t move’ he asked me not to move.

• After be+adj to say how sb thinks or feelsabout an action or an event. Afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful, delighted, disappointed, lucky, eager, ready, sorry, sad, proud, upset, glad, happy…. I’m happy to see you again. I was very glad to hear that he got promoted. It was kind of you help me. You’re lucky to be alive. It was nice of him to remember my birthday.

• To express purpose He came here to learn English. (in order to) I went to the supermarket to buy sth. He has gone to his parents’ house to help them. • After would like, would prefer, would love. . to express specific preference. I’d prefer to stay at home. I’d like to drink coke.

• In the expression ‘to tell you the truth, to be honest, to sum up, to begin with…. To be honest, I don’t believe what he said. To tell toy the truth, I forgot to do my hmw. • With too&enough I’m too weak to lift it. She’s strong enough to carry the box.

• Bare inf. after let&make My mum doesn’t let me go out at nights. Let’s go to theatre. He made me crazy. • After modals we also use bare inf. You should obey the rules. I’ll tell you the truth. You must help me.

• GERUNDS The –ing form of a verb is called a gerund. USAGES • As a subject Reading is my hobby. Swimming is good for health. Visiting ancient cities is interesting.

• As an object of the verb My favourite spoert is swimming. /what I don’t like is telling lies and being unfaithful. • After prepositional verbs. Accuse sb of doing sth, blame sb for doing sth, look forward to, be accustomed to, apologise to sb for, be afraid of, be bored of, be ready for, prevent sb from, complain about, excited about, responsible for, be ashamed of, be keen on, be satisfied with, punish for, insist of, instead of, be used to, be interested in, be bad/good at, be nervous of, be famous for, stop sb from, forgive sb from, be angry at/about, …. . I’m thinking of/about visiting her in the hospital. He’s accused of stealing the money. Have you good any good reason for keeping me busy? I’m looking forward to hearing from you. He’s responsible for washing and ironing the clothes.

• In compound names, Boarding school , sleeping bag, driving licence, wedding day…. • After some verbs; Admit, complete, discuss, fancy, give up, postpone, advise, consider, recommend, understand, stop, put of, regret, keep on, remember, like, love…. , finish, avoid, spend, suggest, waste, lose, imagine… When I was younger, I imagined travelling around the world. He suggested visiting Turkey. I don’t understand him forgetting to answer my e-mail.

• Not+ Ving He suggested not staying there, /ı don’t blame you for not doing it. • After expressions such as; Be busy, ıt’s no use, ıt’s no good, ıt’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, tgere’s no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in). . I can’t stand listening to loud music. I have difficulty in understanding some new subjects. That film was definetely worth seeing. There’ no point in discussing this any further. It’s no use trying to persuade him to come.

• Go +Ving/ come +Ving go shopping, go running… • We don’t normally use the –ing form after continuous forms of BEGIN, START, CONTINUE to avid havin two –ing forms. It’s beginning to rain. She’s continuing to tell lies about you.

• Advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage + to V 1 When they are followed by an object or when they are in the passive form. These verbs can take the –ing form when they aren’t followed by an object I advised him to go out. I advised going out. We don’t allow students to smoke in the school. We don’t allow smoking in the school.

• After see, hear, feel, watch, listen, and notice to decribe an imcomplete action, that is to say that sb. saw, heard, …. etc. only a part of action. I heard Jack talking on the phone. = I heard Jack while he was talking on the phone. I heard part of the action in progress. I didn’t listen to the whole conversation. • But see, hear, feel, watch, listen, notice+ V 1 describe a complete action, sth. that sb. saw, heard, …. From the beginning to the end. I heard Jack talk on the phone = ı heard the whole conversation from the beginning to the end.

Exercises • 1. A: Is Anne in the room? B: Yes, I can see her ________(dance) with her husband over there. • 2. A: Did you see the robber? B: yes, I saw him ______(get) into the car and drive away. • 3. Colin is good at speaking in public, isn’t he? Yes, I heard her_______(make) a speech last month. It was excellent. • 4. your hair looks great. Thanks, I watched the hairdresser______(dry)it so I could learn how to do it by myself.

• Verbs taking GERUND and INFINITIVE but difference in meaning. 1. Forget to. V 1=not remember I’m sorry I forgot to call you. forget Ving= not recall I’ll never forget winning my first medal. 2. Remember to V 1= not forget Remember to call Jack tonight. remember Ving= recall a past event I don’t remember seeing you before 3. Stop to V 1= stop briefly to do sth He stopped to drink some tea. Stop Ving= finish, give up, cease He stopped studying and switched on the TV.

4. Be sorry to V 1= apologise for a present action I’m sorry to interrupt you, but can I ask you a question? Be sorry for Ving= apologise for an earlier action She was sorry for yelling at him. 5. Like to V 1 =think that sth is good or right to do I like to exercise everyday. Like Ving= enjoy (general preference) She likes swimming. Would like to V 1= specific preference I’d like to see this film.

6. Want to V 1=wish I want to go home. Want Ving = sth needs to be done The windows want cleaning. 7. can’t/ couldn’t bear to V 1= specific situations I can’t bear to tell him the bad news. Can’t/ couldn’t bear Ving= general I can’t bear telling people bad news.

rewrıte 1. He should work harder to be a champion in the competition. (worth) 2. ‘let’s go to the cinema. ’ Tom said. 3. Linda hates travelling by train. (stand) 4. Monitoring the workers is necessary in my job. ( It) 5. My father and I can’t wait to watch Galatasaray& Fenerbahçe match. (forward) 6. ıt’s not a ggod idea to borrow a lot of money from a bank. (avoid) 7. Please open the window (mind) 8. ‘yes, I broke the window. ’ (admit)