Gerunds and Gerundives More Verbals GERUND Verbal NOUN
Gerunds and Gerundives More Verbals!
GERUND: Verbal NOUN
GERUNDIVE: Verbal ADJECTIVE
Gerunds fill the cases other than nominative: Case Latin English Nom. Audire Hearing Gen. Audiendi Of hearing Dat. Audiendo For hearing Acc. Audiendum Hearing Abl. Audiendo By hearing
To form a Gerund: • 2 nd principal part: AMARE; AUDIRE; drop the –RE • Add –[ie]nd to the stem: AMAND-; AUDIEND– for –io verbs of 3 rd and 4 th conjugation, you should end up with –ie- before the –nd- (Add an i or e as needed. ) • Add case endings: – Gen: -i AMANDI; AUDIENDI – Dat: -ō AMANDO; AUDIENDO – Acc: -um AMANDUM; AUDIENDUM – Abl: -ō AMANDO; AUDIENDO
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Spectare Watching Gen. Audiendi -i Of watching Dat. Audiendo -o For watching Acc. Audiendum -um Watching Abl. Audiendo By watching -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Monēre warning Gen. Audiendi -i Of warning Dat. Audiendo -o For warning Acc. Audiendum -um warning Abl. Audiendo By warning -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Docēre Teaching Gen. Audiendi -i Of teaching Dat. Audiendo -o For teaching Acc. Audiendum -um teaching Abl. Audiendo By teaching -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Legere Reading Gen. Audiendi -i Of reading Dat. Audiendo -o For reading Acc. Audiendum -um Reading Abl. Audiendo By reading -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] navigare Sailing Gen. Audiendi -i Of sailing Dat. Audiendo -o For sailing Acc. Audiendum -um Sailing Abl. Audiendo By sailing -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Vivere Living Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of…eo, ire (irregular!) Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Ire Going Gen. Audiendi -i Eundi Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Loqui Speaking Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Dormire Sleeping Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Scribere Writing Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Operari Working Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Aedificare Building Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Flere Weeping Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Ridere Laughing Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Saltare Dancing Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Colligere Collecting Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Custodire Guarding Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Tacere Keeping silent Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Destruere Destroying Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Form the Gerund of… Case Example Ending Latin English Nom. Audire [2 nd pp] Occidere Killing Gen. Audiendi -i Dat. Audiendo -o Acc. Audiendum -um Abl. Audiendo -o
Gerunds in Ecclesiastes Omnia tempus habent, Et suis spatiis transeunt universa sub caelo. Tempus nascendi, et tempus moriendi; Tempus plantandi; et tempus evellendi quod plantatum est. • Tempus occidendi, et tempus sanandi; • Tempus destruendi, et tempus aedificandi. • •
• Tempus flendi, et tempus ridendi; • Tempus plangendi, et tempus saltandi. • Tempus spargendi lapides et tempus colligendi, • Tempus amplexandi, et tempus longe fieri ab amplexibus. • Tempus acquirendi, et tempus perdendi; • Tempus custodiendi, et tempus abiciendi.
• • Tempus scindendi, et tempus consuendi; Tempus tacendi, et tempus loquendi. Tempus dilectionis, et tempus odii; Tempus belli, et tempus pacis.
Gerundive = Verbal Adjective • Gerundive = Future PASSIVE Participle • 30 forms (adjective –us, -a, -um chart) • How to form it: – 2 nd principal part – Drop –re – Add –ndus, -nda, -ndum, etc. – vocare vocandus, vocanda, vocandum, etc. • Translate: “to be [verb]ed” – vocandus: “[about] to be called” – Puerum a matre vocandum vidi. I saw the boy about to be called by his mother.
Gerundive Derivatives 1. tremendous 2. memorandum 3. Amanda 4. reverend 5. agenda 6. addenda 7. legend 8. corrigenda 9. referendum 10. propaganda A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. to be respected to be read to be corrected to be feared to be brought back to be added to be loved to be extended to be remembered to be done
Future Passive Periphrastic By Magistra Candy Baehr To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious” Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-idundive You just take a form of SUM and then add the Gerundive Use for obligation or necessity: “Future Passive Periphrastic must be learned by me!”
Future Passive Periphrastic • Gerundive plus a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus • Translate “must be [verb]ed” • Use DATIVE to show agent (“by whom” it must be done) • Liber mihi legendus est. – liber = the book – legendus est = must be read (Future Pass. Peri. ) – mihi = by me (Dative of Agent) • Use neuter nom sing gerundive to make it impersonal: “it must be [verb]ed” – agendum est = it must be done • mihi agendum est = it must be done by me I must do it
Future Passive Periphrastic By Magistra Candy Baehr To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious” Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-idundive You just take a form of SUM and then add the Gerundive Use for obligation or necessity: “Future Passive Periphrastic must be learned by me!”
Translate Gerundives! 1. Cogenda mens est ut incipiat. The mind ______ to begin. 2. Haec non tangenda sunt. These things ___________. 3. Rex civibus est timendus. A king _______ by the citizens. 4. Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. It ______ that there be a sound mind in a sound body. 5. Utendum est aetate; cito pede labitur aetas. Time ______; a lifetime slips by on a swift foot.
Translate Gerundives! 1. Pro urbe et deis est certandum. For city and gods ________. 2. De gustibus non est disputandum. Concerning tastes, _______. 3. Bellum nec timendum nec provocandum est. War neither ______ nor ______. 4. Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libro pulsanda [est] tellus… Now one ______, one must _____ the earth with dancing foot…
Dative of Agent • If there is a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus with a gerundive, that’s the Future Passive Periphrastic. Translate as “must be [verb]ed. ” • With the FPP, a dative noun/pronoun is the Agent. Translate as “by ____”. • E. G. : Multi libri Ciceroni legendi erant. • Many books had to be read by Cicero. • Cicero had to read many books.
Translate with FPP and Dative of Agent… 1. Arma mihi invenienda sunt. _____ have to find ________. 2. Hic ritus omnibus spectandus erat. This ceremony had to be ____ by ____ 3. Urbs uni puero servanda est. _____ must save the ______. 4. Oraculum regi consulendum erit. ____ will have to be consulted by _____.
Gerundive of Purpose • ad [noun] [gerundive] • [noun] [gerundive] causā • [noun] [gerundive] gratiā • Romam veniunt • They come to Rome N. B. : The noun the gerundive modifies = the Direct Object of the gerundive’s verb. ad ludos spectandos. ludorum spectandorum causā. ludorum spectandorum gratiā. to see the games.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā • Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ut corpora confirmarent. • The young men went to the gym to strengthen their bodies. • Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ad______. • Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant _____causā. • Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ____ gratiā.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā • Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ut linguam Graecam discerent. • The students were sent to the teacher to learn the Greek language. • Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ad______. • Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt _____causā. • Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ____ gratiā.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā • Diutissime manserunt ut principem salutarent. • They stayed a very long time to greet the emperor. • Diutissime manserunt ad______. • Diutissime manserunt _____causā. • Diutissime manserunt ____ gratiā.
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