GERUND INFINITIVE A GERUND IS THE ING FORM

GERUND & INFINITIVE

A GERUND IS THE –ING FORM OF A VERB (E. G. TALKING, PLAYING, UNDERSTANDING) AN INFINITIVE IS TO + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB (E. G. TO TALK, TO PLAY, TO UNDERSTAND) Gerunds may perform all the function that nouns do. A gerund is the –ing form of a verb that can be used as a noun. A gerund can function as a subject as well as an object Examples: Playing tennis is fun s v in this example, playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject of the sentence. Playing tennis is a gerund phrase.

We enjoy playing tennis s v o In this example, playing is used as the object of the verb enjoy He’s excited about playing tennis Prep o In this example, playing is used as the object of the preposition

USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION A gerund is frequently used as the object of preposition 1. We talked about going to Canada for our vacation 2. I am interested in learning karate. 3. Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting Negative form of Gerund: not precedes a gerund 4. We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally prep not gerund decided we should go

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS (beberapa kata kerja yang di ikuti Gerunds) Examples: 1. I enjoy playing tennis V Gerunds are used as the objects of certain verbs in this example, enjoy is followed by Gerund (playing) Enjoy is not followed by an infinitive The most common incorrect form is: I enjoy to play tennis 2. Joe quit smoking 3. Joe gave up smoking The above examples (number 2 & 3) have the same meaning. The verb ‘quit’ and the two-word verbs ‘give up’ should be followed by gerunds. The following is a list mentioning about verbs that should be used with gerunds

Enjoy appreciate mind Quit (give up) finish (get through) delay Avoid postpone (put off) stop Keep (keep on) consider (think about) mention Suggest discuss (talk about) COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES (beberapa kata kerja yang di ikuti Infinitive) Examples: 1. I hope to see you again soon v infinitive 2. He promised to be here by ten v infinitive Negative form of infinitive: not precedes infinitive 3. He promised not to be late v not infinitive

Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive, as in (1) and (2). For the negative form not precedes the infinitive, as in (3). Below are verbs which are followed by infinitive Hope to intend to agree to Promise to offer to appear to Seem to pretend to would like to Expect to want to refuse to Plant to decide to ask to need to 4. My grandmother told me to be here at ten V pronoun infinitive o’clock 5. The police ordered the driver to stop V noun infinitive

Some verbs are followed by pro(noun) and then an infinitive, as in (4) and (5). Below are verbs which are followed by pro(noun) then an infinitive. Tell someone to Encourage someone to Invite someone to Allow someone to Require someone to Force someone to Expect someone to Want someone to advise someone to remind someone to permit someone to warn someone to order someone to ask someone to would like someone to need someone to

6. I was told to be here at ten o’clock v infinitive 7. The driver was ordered to stop v infinitive these verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in the passive, as in (6) and (7). COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR GERUND (beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti gerund dan infinitive) The following are a verbs which are followed by infinitive or gerund (with no different in meaning)

Beginning Start Continue like love prefer hate can’t stand can’t bear Examples: It began to rain/raining I started to work/working (there is no differences between “began to rain” and “began raining”)