GERUND and GERUNDIVE Gerund a verbal NOUN Built

GERUND and GERUNDIVE Gerund: a verbal NOUN • Built on present active stem (2 nd principal part -re/-rī/-ī) • -ND- added • 2 nd decl. , neuter, singular • Only FOUR forms: • GEN: -ī, “of … -ing” • DAT: -ō, “to/for … -ing” • ACC: -um, “… -ing” • ABL: -ō, “by … -ing” Gerundive: a verbal ADJECTIVE • Built on present active stem (2 nd principal part -re/rī/-ī) • -ND- added • -us-a-um endings • Thus 36 possible forms • singular, plural; masculine, feminine, neuter; any of the six cases -- to agree with any noun or pronoun it modifies.

Let’s practice • • • Write out all gerund forms for these verbs: pugnāre mōvēre mittere capere (root + ie + ND + endings) invenīre (root + ie + ND + endings)

GERUND • REMEMBER: it’s a verbal NOUN. • Translate with “… -ing, ” but don’t confuse with English present active participle!! The running man (participle) Running is good for your health (gerund) • An infinitive can often be used to translate a gerund: either To run is good for your health or It is good for your health to run (“It” = “to run”) • Let’s look at typical uses of the gerund:

GENITIVE: • most often with following causā or gratiā to express purpose: “for the sake of … -ing” vivendī causā, docendī gratiā for the sake of-living, for the sake of-teaching • often as object of certain adjectives: cupidus vincendī, desirous of-winning = eager to win • or as the complement to a noun: ratio docendī, a method of-teaching, a teaching method modus operandī, manner of-operating (MO on CSI) DATIVE: • most often with certain adjectives tempus loquendō idoneum, a suitable time for-talking

ACCUSATIVE: • most often object of ad to express purpose ad videndum, for seeing = to see ABLATIVE: • most often without preposition to express means/manner celeriter currendō mox advēnimus, by-running quickly we soon arrived

GERUNDIVE • A gerund-ive is an adject-ive; • in a phrase with some noun or pronoun it modifies. • passive, future: “to be … -ed, -t, -en” • But don’t confuse with pres. pass. infinitive! • Two main uses: q instead of gerund + object: Brutus rediit ad urbem libera-nd-am Brutus returned to the city to-be-freed = Brutus returned (in order) to free the city Caesar spem hostium vince-nd-orum habuit Caesar had hope of enemy to-be-defeated = Caesar had hope of defeating the enemy

q the passive periphrastic construction: gerundive + any form of esse = X must be, ought to be, deserves to be, should be … -ed, -t, -en. • The agent is not ablative but dative • HINT: -ND- = “needs to be done” and “needs dative” get it? hic liber est lege-nd-us this book is to be read, ought to be read, should be read hic liber est vobis lege-nd-us this book is to be read by you = you should read this book Hence our word ‘legend’, a story that should be read and remembered!

GERUNDIVE IN INDIRECT STATEMENT • Caesar arbitratus est : : Galliam sibi vincendam (esse) Caesar thought : : Gaul (was) to-be-conquered by him(self) = that he ought to conquer Gaul. • Fabricius dixit : : medicum vinciendum et ad Pyrrhum regem remittendum (esse) Fabricius said (that) the doctor should be tied up and sent back to King Pyrrhus. NB! infinitive often omitted in this construction.

Gerundives in English • Ama-nd-a = (she who) deserves-to-be-loved • Re-fere-nd-um = (a bill which) needs-to-be-taken-back (to the people for a vote) • Age-nd-a = (things which) … need-to-be-done • Memora-nd-um = (something which) … ought-to-be-remembered • Ad-de-nd-um = (something which) … has-to-be-added • In math: divide-nd, sub-trahe-nd, multiplica-nd • In Spanish: hacie-nd-a (< facio) “something-to-be-made”

NVNC CONEMVR • Cervisia non est bibenda minoribus. cervisia, -ae, f. : beer bibo, -ere: drink • Nunc est bibendum. (Q. Horatius Flaccus) • Pellicula “True Grit” mihi erat spectanda. pellicula, -ae, f. : film, movie • Hostium vincendorum causā, dux magnum exercitum parabat. • Magister noster optimus dicit nobis esse gerundia gerundivaque bene discenda. disco, -ere: learn

BIBENDUM (the Michelin Man)