Germanys dual vocational training system a model for
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歐盟法與生命文化 (二) 第九單元 Germany’s dual vocational training system: a model for other countries? 授課教師：Mr. Raoul Kubitschek 1 Christian Mahnke Manager Science & Technology at German Trade Office Taipei 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示 －非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3. 0版授權釋出 】
2 How did we get there? Dual vocational training system has grown over a long period: Foundation phase (1870 -1920) Consolidation phase (1920 -1970) Expansion phase (from 1970 on)
3 Historical background Long history of practical training in Germany Since the 12 th century a system similar to vocational training existed Completely practical oriented Apprentice lived in the house of their boss Learned practical daily work and developed their personality
4 Foundation phase (1870 -1920) Started period of industrialization Stage of rapid economic growth and modernization Changed from agrarian society into an industrial society
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6 Foundation phase (1870 -1920) Reduced the traditional way of handiwork Founded the first further education schools Established the “master craftsman certificate” in 1871
7 Consolidation phase (1920 -1970) Phase dominated by three major incidents Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Great Depression (1929– 1939)
8 Consolidation phase (1920 -1970) Phase dominated by three major incidents World War II 1939 to 1945
9 Consolidation phase (1920 -1970) • Dual vocational training system was in service as a social buffer • Establish a general compulsory vocational education 1937 • Created a Vocational Training Law 1969
10 Expansion phase (since 1970) Phase has continued Continuous change of society and the economy e. g. updating the content in the schools Constant Focus of => combination on-the-job training and theoretical education
11 How does the system work?
12 From School to Work
13 German Chambers of Commerce and Industry: The Network § DIHK: Umbrella organization of 80 Chambers of Commerce and Industry (IHK) in Germany § All German companies by law have to join a regional chamber § 3. 6 Mill. IHK member companies § 200 DIHK employees in Berlin/Brussels § Co-ordination of the Worldwide Network of German Chambers of Commerce (AHK) in 80 Countries
14 Chambers of Commerce and Industry: The “Competent Bodies” Responsible for: §Organization, registration, examination, certification §Quality assurance throughout the whole training process §Representing and organizing the companies needs, interests and inputs – in co-operation with business associations
15 Standards § Vocational Training Act § Vocational councils § Training regulations on ordinance level elaborated in standardized procedures § Curricula for both learning venues – VET school and company § VET contracts, salaries and registration § Aptitude of training companies and trainers § Examination councils and regulations § Those who train don‘t examen § Making of and secrecy of exam questions
16 Five Key Elements § Co-operation of government and industry or public private partnership § Learning within the work process § Acceptance of national quality standards § Qualified VET staff § Institutionalized research and consultancy
17 Dual Training at the School The curriculum of part-time vocational schools includes Vocational subjects (two thirds). § General subjects (one third). § Teaching follows an activity -based approach in fields of learning.
18 Vocational Competence “Vocational training shall, through a systematic training programme, impart the vocational skills, knowledge and qualifications (vocational competence) necessary to engage in a form of skilled occupational activity in a changing working world. It shall also enable trainees to acquire the necessary occupational experience. ” Section 1, para (3) Vocational Training Act (BBi. G)
19 Training Regulations They cover the following: § State recognition of the occupation § Designation of the occupation § Duration of training § Profile of the training occupation (minimum requirements) § Overall training plan (outline of the syllabus and time schedule) § Examination requirements
20 Training Contract They cover the following: § Training period: as stipulated in the training regulations § Beginning and end of training: the duration of training can be shortened or extended under certain conditions § Training contents: A company training plan forms part of the contract (to which it is annexed) § Termination of employment: trainees are largely protected against dismissal after the probationary period has expired § Allowance paid to the trainee: amount is determined by the applicable collective agreement
21 Example Christian Mahnke Finished school with at age 18 (similar to (Senior high school) Started a dual vocational training as IT-system-merchandiser 19 y – 22 y • Realization of customized system solutions • Planning of marketing strategy • Consulting with existing customers Fulltime work as Key Account Manager 22 y – 25 y Since 25 y I have been studying at University: Bachelor & Master in BA
22 Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) § Overall responsibility for vocational training within the Federal Government § Securing and developing dual training § Research policy to enhance Germany’s attractiveness § Support for innovation
23 Training Occupations § There are training occupations for all sectors of the economy and administration. § The training occupations are continuously updated. § New occupations are created as required. § Training occupations show different degrees of specialization. § Training occupations are differentiated in keeping with actual needs. § Training is centered on vocational competence.
24 Benefits For companies and trade unions: § Influence on content and organization of training § Medium-term: low recruitment and settling in costs § Next generation of skilled workers assured § Productive performance of trainees For trainees: § Labor market relevant training leads to excellent job perspectives § Acquisition of social skills within the real life of a company § Motivation by getting training fees (earning and learning) For the government: § Private contribution eases the burden on public budgets § Low youth unemployment rate A Win-Win-Situation
26 Activity based learning Activity Learning Introduce teaching method of work process oriented teaching First use in business training for mid management Pioneered by Aachen in Germany in technical vocational field Process Planning – Performing – Evaluation Detailed time planning of classes Shorter intervals, e. g. 20 min Goal to motivate student to learn on her/his own Understanding of applying theoretical knowledge to practical applications Easier to integrate different learner levels
German VET for Export 27 AHK Business Field § § German VET raises interest in other countries § AHK Activities are spread all over the world, i. e. German Chambers of Commerce Worldwide (AHK) extend their activities to promote adaptation of key elements of German VET Ø Hong Kong: Logistics Ø Portugal: Hotel Business Ø Argentina: Accounting Ø India: Administration Ø China: Mechatronic, Tool Makers, Industrial Mechanics § A lot more will be done AHKs! Ø Malaysia: Industrial Manager, Transport & Logistics (Start: Sept. 2013) Ø Thailand: Mechatronics (June 2013) Ø Vietnam: Mechatronics (Sept. 2013)
28 Interest from Abroad “So those German kids, they're ready for a job when they graduate high school. They've been trained for the jobs that are there. ” President Barack Obama's 2013 State of the Union Address
版權聲明 29 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 2 How did we get there? . . . Expansion phase (from 1970 on) Breitbach, Daniel http: //etheses. dur. ac. uk/2588/1/2588_599. pdf? Uk. UDh: Cy. T 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 3 Historical background…Learned practical daily work and developed their personality Breitbach, Daniel http: //etheses. dur. ac. uk/2588/1/2588_599. pdf? Uk. UDh: Cy. T 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 4 Foundation phase (18701920)…society into an industrial society Breitbach, Daniel http: //etheses. dur. ac. uk/2588/1/2588_599. pdf? Uk. UDh: Cy. T 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 5 WIKIPEDIA commons/Airacobra P 39 Assembly LOC 02902 u 作者：Unknown／數位衍生著作作者：Balcer~commomswiki 本作品轉載自 (https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Airacobra_P 39_Assembly _LOC_02902 u. jpg)瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 6 Breitbach, Daniel http: //etheses. dur. ac. uk/2588/1/2588_599. pdf? Uk. UDh: Cy. T 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 Foundation phase (1870 -1920)…“master craftsman certificate” in 1871
版權聲明 30 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 7 WIKIPEDIA commons/World Telegram staff photographer 本作品轉載自 (http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Bank_of_the_United_States_failure_NY WTS. jpg )瀏覽日期 2014/11/16 8 WIKIPEDIA commons/USN 本作品轉載自 (http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: King_George_V_class_battleship_1945. jp g) 瀏覽日期 2014/11/16 9 10 Consolidation phase (19201970)…Vocational Training Law 1969 Breitbach, Daniel http: //etheses. dur. ac. uk/2588/1/2588_599. pdf? Uk. UDh: Cy. T 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 Expansion phase (since 1970)… education Breitbach, Daniel http: //etheses. dur. ac. uk/2588/1/2588_599. pdf? Uk. UDh: Cy. T 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。
版權聲明 31 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 12 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 2頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_V ET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 13 German Chambers of Commerce and Industry: The Network／ Veröffentlicht (http: //www. baltikum-blatt. eu/wirtschaft/422 -ahk-weltkonjunkturbericht 2013 -2014 -zeigt-belebung. html)瀏覽日期 2014/11/17 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 14 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 13頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_V ET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。
版權聲明 32 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 17 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 4頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 18 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 5頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 19 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 6頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽 日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 20 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 7頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。
版權聲明 33頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 21 Christian Mahnke 本作品轉載自 https: //de. linkedin. com/pub/christian-mahnke/b 7/251/872 瀏覽日期 2015/10/2 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 22 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 8頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 23 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 10頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 24 For companies… Win- Situation The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影片第 11頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Pr esentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 德國 商總會DIHK認 證證書 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokumente/News/JBC_VET_Pr esentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 25
版權聲明 34 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 27 The Dual Vocational Education and Training System: Success Story in Germany and its Export Abroad 投影 片第 13頁/Dr. Roland Wein 本作品轉載自 http: //www. taiwan. ahk. de/fileadmin/ahk_taiwan/Dokume nte/News/JBC_VET_Presentation. pdf 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 依著作權法第 46、52、65條主張合理使用。 28 WIKIPEDIA commons/作者：Pete Souza 本作品轉載自 (http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: President_Bara ck_Obama. jpg ) 瀏覽日期 2014/11/18 1 -34 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2013 Power. Point 設計主題範本，依據Microsoft 服務合約及著 作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。