Germany will either be a world power or

“Germany will either be a world power, or it won’t be at all. ” - Adolf Hitler All polar bears are left-handed.

World War II The Entrance of the Soviet Union and America

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 n After Hitler had conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Fr. , and had Brit. contained, Hitler turned his war machine against the S. U. n Hitler used propaganda that the Red Army was preparing to invade to gather national support for an offensive against the S. U. n However, the real reasons Hitler wanted to invade were: Lebensraum: Living space and raw materials. Hitler’s New Order: Aryans vs. the Slavic people. n n

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 n In preparation for the attack, Hitler moved 3. 2 million Germ. soldiers and about 1 million Axis soldiers to the Soviet border. n This number of soldiers created the largest invasion of written history. n Despite warnings by the Brit. and spies, Stalin was caught off guard because: He did not believe that the Germ. would break the M-R Pact after signing it only 2 years ago. He believed that Germ. would finish attack on Brit. first. The Germs. told him they were stockpiling supplies, soldiers, etc. for the battle with Brit. n n n Thusly, the Soviets were not even close to being prepared for the massive Germ. invasion.

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 n Hitler deployed 3 separate armies to capture specific regions and cities in the S. U. n In the first few days of fighting, the Germs. destroyed the greater part of the Soviet air force, disabled thousands of Soviet tanks and captured half a million Soviet soldiers (blitzkrieg). n In response to the invasion, Stalin appealed to his people to resist and conduct a scorched-earth policy: Soviet citizens destroyed everything that could be of use to the invaders (buildings, land, etc. )

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 n By Nov. 1941 Germ. armies had pushed 600 miles inside the S. U. to the outskirts of Moscow, controlled 40% of the pop. , and captured Kiev and began the siege of Leningrad. n On Oct. 2, 1941 the Germ. began their assault on Moscow and by Dec. 2 reached as far as the city center, however, the Germs. ran into 2 problems: 1) The Soviet resistance that refused to retreat now that the Germs. had reached Moscow. 2) The Russian Winter. n n

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 n The Germ. army was completely unprepared for fighting in winter conditions: n Frostbite and disease caused more casualties than combat. n Guns and equipment froze and the Luftwaffe was grounded.

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 n “We had no gloves. We had no winter shoes. We had not equipment whatsoever to fight or withstand the cold… We lost a considerable part of our equipment… Due to the cold we lost a lot of people who got frost-bitten, and we had not even the necessary amount of ointments, or the most simple and primitive things to fight in… Guns didn’t fire anymore. Even our wireless equipment didn’t work properly anymore because the batteries were frozen hard. ”

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 n The Soviets who were better prepared for the Russian Winter gathered 500, 000 troops in Moscow and launched a counter-attack on Dec. 5 that drove the Germ. armies back 200 miles. n Final outcome: Germs – 700, 000 dead, 36, 000 missing, and 604, 000 wounded; S. U. – 802, 191 dead, 2, 335, 482 missing or captured. n Despite Germ. losses, they still controlled 500, 000 square miles of Soviet land 75 million people.

n Hitler Turns on Russia; Stalin Rallies Soviets to Fight Back (03: 31)

American Aid n 1937: American Neutrality Acts – prohibited arms shipments, loans, and credit to belligerent nations; (no arms for either side during the Spanish Civil War). n President Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, became convinced that Germ’s expansion endangered Am. security and that Brit. and Fr. could not stop Hitler w/o Am. aid.

American Aid n 1940: FDR’s presidential campaign – rallying national support to help Brit. and Fr. : as Germ. aggression increased, so did Am. sympathy. n After Dunkirk: 50 old Am. destroyers given to Brit. in return for the right to maintain Am. bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the Brit. W. Indies. n Cash and Carry Policy: Brit. paid cash for Am. food and armaments and shipped it themselves (no violation of Am. neutrality.

American Aid n Lend-Lease Act: Brit. treasury was being drained by war, lend-lease authorized the President to lend war equipment to any country whose defense he deemed vital to national security. n Aug. 9, 1941: Churchill met with Roosevelt to discuss war aims – they create the Atlantic Charter: upheld freedom of trade and the right of people to choose their own gov. (and called for the final destruction of Nazi tyranny).

Churchill and Roosevelt

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor n When the Japanese invaded southern Indochina on July 24, 1941, President Roosevelt demanded that they w/draw – not only from Indochina but also from China. n Congress also placed an oil embargo and froze all Japanese assets in the U. S. n As a result of these measures, the Japanese decided to go to war with the U. S. because they felt that U. S. was preventing its expansion in the East.

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor n In order to defeat the Am. military, Japanese leaders knew they must first destroy the Am. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. n Many Jap. leaders felt that Pearl Harbor was safe from attack, however, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto convinced the Jap. leaders that torpedo equipped bombers launching from aircraft carriers would result in a successful assault.

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor n Nov. 26, 1941: the Jap. fleet sets sail for Hawaii. n While the Jap. fleet was making its way towards Hawaii, negotiations between the U. S. and Jap. had broken down. n At this point, President Roosevelt knew that Jap. was poised to attack, however, he felt that their attack would be directed toward SE Asia. n As a precaution, U. S. military leaders sent all aircraft carriers and 1/2 the army’s planes from Pearl Harbor.

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor n Morning of Dec. 7, 1941: Jap. attack squadron took off from their carrier decks and began the attack on Pearl Harbor. n The attack came in two waves with the majority of the slower torpedo planes in the first (taking advantage of the element of surprise). n Within the first 25 minutes of the attack, the Jap. sank or damaged the battle ships Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and California.

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor n n n 1: USS California 2: USS Maryland 3: USS Oklahoma 4: USS Tennessee 5: USS West Virginia 6: USS Arizona 7: USS Nevada 8: USS Pennsylvania 9: Ford Island NAS 10: Hickam field Ignored: A: Oil storage tanks B: CINCPAC C: Submarine base D: Naval yard

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor Captain Mitsuo Fuchida: leader of first wave Mitsubishi A 6 M Zeros preparing to take off from aircraft carrier Shokaku.

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor USS Arizona

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor USS Utah

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor USS Oklahoma

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor USS West Virginia

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor USS California

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor USS Pennsylvania, Downes, and Cassin

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor USS Shaw

America Enters the War: Pearl Harbor B-17 at Hickam Field

n Attack on Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941 (03: 01)

Aftermath of Pearl Harbor n 90 minutes after it began, the attack was over. 2, 386 Americans died (55 were civilians, most killed by unexploded American anti-aircraft shells landing in civilian areas), a further 1, 139 wounded. 18 ships were sunk, including 5 battleships. n Nearly 1/2 of the 1, 102 American fatalities were caused by the explosion and sinking of USS Arizona, the result of her forward magazine exploding after it was hit by a modified 40 cm (16 in) shell.

Aftermath of Pearl Harbor n Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers saved. n Dec. 8: President Roosevelt delivers his “a day which will live in infamy” speech. Roosevelt signed the declaration of war against Japan the same day. n n Dec. 11, 1941: Germ. and Italy declare war on the U. S. Brit. declares war on Jap. Jan. 1, 1942: The Declaration of the UN officially unites 26 nations (Brit. , Am, and S. U. – Big 3) as allies against the Axis powers.

Jeannette Rankin

n Pearl Harbor Speech to the Congress of the United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt December 8, 1941 (10: 42)