GERMANY 1815 1862 The Unification of Germany Europe

  • Slides: 55
Download presentation
GERMANY 1815 - 1862 The Unification of Germany

GERMANY 1815 - 1862 The Unification of Germany

Europe 1815

Europe 1815

Key Questions What was Germany like before 1815? How was Germany affected by the

Key Questions What was Germany like before 1815? How was Germany affected by the Vienna settlement? What was the impact of Nationalism on the Germanic states? What was the significance of the Zollverein? What accounts for the rise of Prussian economic and military power?

Germany before 1815 German speaking language- no corresponding territory to call “Germany”- most German

Germany before 1815 German speaking language- no corresponding territory to call “Germany”- most German speaking people were part of the Holy Roman Empire Ancient Empire- ruled by the Hapsburgs A collection of lands whose rulers owed allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperors (who were Austrian) A bewildering variety of tiny states ruled by margraves, dukes, princes, electors, etc…

Germany before 1815 Most significant state within the empire was Brandenburg-Prussia (north east)- ruled

Germany before 1815 Most significant state within the empire was Brandenburg-Prussia (north east)- ruled by the Hohenzollerns (Prussians) Saxony Bavaria Baden Wurttemberg

Germany before 1815 1792 - 250 states linked by language and membership of the

Germany before 1815 1792 - 250 states linked by language and membership of the HRE The HRE did not ‘rule’ in any temporal sense The people of the Germanic lands owed allegiance to their rulers- fierce loyalty- therefore localist and not nationalist Some German state ruled over non-Germans- Prussia and Poles, Austria ruled many No religious uniformity due to the reformation (1517)- split between Catholics and Protestants (Peace of Augsburg 1555) Most Germans were involved in agriculture and small industries- one big city (Vienna) and one major port (Hamburg)

Italy vs. Germany Discuss whether it seemed more likely in 1815 that Germany or

Italy vs. Germany Discuss whether it seemed more likely in 1815 that Germany or Italy would seek unification?

Leading Powers Prussia- included small territories separated from each other Brandenburg. Hohenzollerns (electors of

Leading Powers Prussia- included small territories separated from each other Brandenburg. Hohenzollerns (electors of Prussia) Upper class supporters. Junkers (jung+Herr= young lord) Junkers ruled over their lands and peasants but gave service to the state

“Iron and Rye”

“Iron and Rye”

Prussia Held their own courts on their lands, influential in the military and civil

Prussia Held their own courts on their lands, influential in the military and civil service Sign of a junker was the use of “von” in their names- Otto von Bismarck- Schonhausen Effective administration- Frederick II (The Great), large powerful army (Napoleon’s tactics were developed with Frederick’s in mind)

Prussia Eastern provinces- economically poor, poor soil in Brandenburg, the estates in the east

Prussia Eastern provinces- economically poor, poor soil in Brandenburg, the estates in the east had no modern farming techniques 18 th century Prussian tradition/culture- service to the state, hard work, religious devotion, respect for the army and the monarch “Parade ground of Europe”

Austria

Austria

Austria Most influential empire in continental Europe (1815 - 1848) 1. 5 million Czechs,

Austria Most influential empire in continental Europe (1815 - 1848) 1. 5 million Czechs, 3. 3. million Magyars, Slovaks, Croats, Italians, Poles, Romanians, Ruthenes, Serbs, Slovenes and Belgians Official language and culture- German Technically ruled all of Germany (not Prussia) through the HRE

History and Hindsight…too much? Source A: The century towards which the Hapsburgs were moving

History and Hindsight…too much? Source A: The century towards which the Hapsburgs were moving was to see the gradual triumphs of two concepts: democracy and nationalism. Each was in itself a threat to the survival of the dynasty. When the two joined hands, any hope of stability…was doomed. Brook Shepherd, G. 1997. The Austrians. London, UK. Harper. Collins. P. 30

The Impact of Napoleon Prussia was concerned about the risk of the French Revolution

The Impact of Napoleon Prussia was concerned about the risk of the French Revolution to its monarchy, therefore joins Austria Napoleon conquered much of German speaking central Europe- Prussia and Austria remained independent 1806 HRE was abolished- Confederation of the Rhine took its place

The Impact of Napoleon Larger states were allowed to take over smaller ones Napoleonic

The Impact of Napoleon Larger states were allowed to take over smaller ones Napoleonic rule produced major changes to German lands- no more HRE, introduction of small church states and free cities and the consolidation of many small states- 19 th century Germany would be less complex In response to French rule- patriotic resistance emerged- see “The German Fatherland”

Prussian Reforms 1807 serfdom abolished Nobles were allowed to trade Rich, non-nobles could acquire

Prussian Reforms 1807 serfdom abolished Nobles were allowed to trade Rich, non-nobles could acquire land Military liberalism- promotion by merit Conscription (Landwehr 1814) Parliamentary government- dominated by nobles These changes brought greater unity and simplified laws and justice

HOW WAS GERMANY AFFECTED BY THE VIENNA SETTLEMENT? Germany 1815 - 1862

HOW WAS GERMANY AFFECTED BY THE VIENNA SETTLEMENT? Germany 1815 - 1862

Congress of Vienna Priority- protect Europe against France and maintain old monarchies Changes in

Congress of Vienna Priority- protect Europe against France and maintain old monarchies Changes in German lands meant there was no way to restore the hundreds of small states- 39 new states emerged Confederation of 39 states headed by princes and kings oversaw by Austria called the Bund (confederation/league)

Vienna terms on German Lands Bund assembly called the Diet- 17 members- Austria was

Vienna terms on German Lands Bund assembly called the Diet- 17 members- Austria was a permanent member- representatives spoke on behalf of their states not as a ‘nation’ Prussia gain land west of the German states on both sides of the Rhine- barrier to French expansion The Rhineland was full of coal and iron ore Prussia lost land in Poland The Bund would crush any form of German nationalism

FORCES FOR CHANGE AFTER 1815 LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM Germany 1815 - 1862

FORCES FOR CHANGE AFTER 1815 LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM Germany 1815 - 1862

Economic Growth Source A: Wells, Mike. Unification of Italy and Germany. 2013. Cambridge, UK.

Economic Growth Source A: Wells, Mike. Unification of Italy and Germany. 2013. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press. P. 115 “It (Germany) had a rising population with more people living in cities. Its growing middle class was well educated…Economic growth was transforming central Germany as a whole and Prussia in particular. All these developments indicate that future changes to the Vienna settlement were likely. “

Economic Growth Cities grew, populations grew, new industrial techniques, modern farming methods and new

Economic Growth Cities grew, populations grew, new industrial techniques, modern farming methods and new transportation methods (train, canal) Regions experiencing rapid growth- best resources: metal ore, coal, power, markets and technical knowledge Germany- Prussia was able to grow due to this however Austria remained agricultural and static

Forces Opposing Change in 1815 German confederation- ruled by Kings and Princes who favored

Forces Opposing Change in 1815 German confederation- ruled by Kings and Princes who favored their own interests Austria and Russia Conservative, traditional peasantry and small town merchants Local traditions- religion, distrust of bigger states by smaller Linguistic and cultural gap between north and south National unity associated with French rule (resentment of conscription and other Napoleonic measures Grossdeutschland Kleindeutschland

WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM? Germany 1815 - 1862

WHAT WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM? Germany 1815 - 1862

Nationalism - 3 different forms: Official organizations and supporters of greater unity Cultural elements

Nationalism - 3 different forms: Official organizations and supporters of greater unity Cultural elements that brought Germany closer together Economic factors that encouraged unification Gymnastics Clubs (1811) Address to the German Nation (1807 - 1808) The Spirit of the Age (1806) Anti-Semitism elements- many of the literary nationalists were appalled by revolutionary ideas from France

Student Nationalism Most enthusiastic supporters were studentsliberal and nationalist ideas- based on leading university

Student Nationalism Most enthusiastic supporters were studentsliberal and nationalist ideas- based on leading university towns 1817 Wartburg (Festival) Castle Saxe-Weimar- ruled by a constitutional ruler 1819 Karl Sand assassinated August von Kotzebue (playwright- attacked nationalists and was supported by Russia))

Student Nationalism This was not widespread nationalism- more student activism…however… Metternich convinced the Bund

Student Nationalism This was not widespread nationalism- more student activism…however… Metternich convinced the Bund to pass the Carlsbad Decrees (see handout) “a word spoken by Austria is an unbreakable law for Germany” Very successful laws- The Prussians in particular enjoyed this power over its citizens Then came the rebellions of the 1830 s

Student Nationalism 1830 revolution in France- triggered disturbances in Poland, Italy and Germany- constitutional

Student Nationalism 1830 revolution in France- triggered disturbances in Poland, Italy and Germany- constitutional demands, peasant unrest and worker discontent 1832 25, 000 nationalists marched to the castle of Handbach (Bavaria)- King of Bavaria sent in the army- caused fear throughout Germany Six articles and Ten Acts passed by Austria- supreme suppression of nationalist thoughts- even banned the ‘national flag’ The 39 states were expected to co-operate in the repression of national unrest

Subterranean Nationalism After 1832 all nationalist activity took place secretly/private meetings Disguised as Gymnastics

Subterranean Nationalism After 1832 all nationalist activity took place secretly/private meetings Disguised as Gymnastics Clubs or Musical Societies- 1847 85, 000 members of Gymnastics clubs 100, 000 singing club members- patriotic songs- historical festivals. Arminius (Mythical leader of the German tribes that defeated the Romans) Regardless it wasn’t until 1859 that a nationalist association (Nationalverein) existed (no leading figure like Mazzini) Therefore nationalism took on the form of patriotic sentiment rather than a movement for nation building

Cultural Nationalism More important than nationalist expressioncultural appreciation of a Germanic type Greater awareness

Cultural Nationalism More important than nationalist expressioncultural appreciation of a Germanic type Greater awareness of “GERMAN” culture among the middle class- independent craftsmen, academics and businessmen The peasants…didn’t flock to opera so its likely they didn’t experience any of this patriotic sentiment- no time to go on nationalist walking tours

German Renaissance Rediscovery of German folklore- Brothers Grimm Literary romanticism of Goethe and Schiller

German Renaissance Rediscovery of German folklore- Brothers Grimm Literary romanticism of Goethe and Schiller German music developed a contrasting style to Italian Opera- Wagner (old Germanic legends for inspiration) Beethoven German history became the standard- Von Ranke Caspar David Friedrich

WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ZOLLVEREIN Germany 1815 - 1862

WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ZOLLVEREIN Germany 1815 - 1862

Zollverien 1818 Prussian tariff reform law- all raw materials were free from tariffs and

Zollverien 1818 Prussian tariff reform law- all raw materials were free from tariffs and within Prussian territories, all internal customs and duties were abolished (liberal) Free trade within the largest state in Germanytherefore other neighboring states wished to join to trade freely with Prussia Formal agreement in 1834 - 17 states and 26 million people- Austria was never a member

Zollverein Assembly of members called the Zoll parliament Unanimous consent for changes Uniform tariff

Zollverein Assembly of members called the Zoll parliament Unanimous consent for changes Uniform tariff on all imported goods Proceeds were divided between the states according to size and population Raw materials and semi-manufactured good entered the union tax free Make it rain!!!!!

Zollverein 1831 Holland 1844 Britain and Belgium 1840 report for the British Government: “the

Zollverein 1831 Holland 1844 Britain and Belgium 1840 report for the British Government: “the general feeling in Germany is that it is the first step towards the Germanisation of the people” Almost every German state joined (minus Austria) Initiative came from Prussia, which suggested that they were the natural leader of the German states The Zollverein acted as a union- assembly

WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE RISE OF PRUSSIAN ECONOMIC AND MILITARY POWER? Germany 1815 -

WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE RISE OF PRUSSIAN ECONOMIC AND MILITARY POWER? Germany 1815 - 1862

Prussia 1815 acquisition of the Rhineland- coal and iron Increase in territory and population-

Prussia 1815 acquisition of the Rhineland- coal and iron Increase in territory and population- growing market, add to it free internal trade 1841/1847 375 km of railway to 2325 km Prussia owned 57% of all railways in Germany by 1847 Prussian technical expertise and money/official backing to support developments Ample markets for produce, and the population rise provided labour and markets

Prussia Economic growth- basis for military power However, having an increase in the army

Prussia Economic growth- basis for military power However, having an increase in the army is fine- until 1860 s there was no opportunity to show its skills Military planning developed- general staff 9 body of highly trained senior officers) Superior artillery due to Prussian industrial power The Prussian changes reflected economic changes, but also a strong military tradition and the flexible approach of the Junker class Widespread support of the Landwehr

WHY DID REVOLUTION BREAK OUT IN THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION IN 1848 Germany 1815 -

WHY DID REVOLUTION BREAK OUT IN THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION IN 1848 Germany 1815 - 1862