German and Italian Unification l Big Picture l
German and Italian Unification l Big Picture: l Unification: What makes up a movement for unification? l Nationalism – Yes. But what does that mean? – One people (Culture) Yes. – One Language (possibly) – One type of Government (that is a problem!)
German and Italian Unification l These two areas, Germany and Italy, will become unified nations for similar and different reasons. l Let’s look briefly at them, side by side, and see the similarities between them.
German and Italian Unification l German States l – Piedmont Sardinia: Greatest – Prussia: Greatest State l Dynamic Leader Italian States State l Dynamic Leader: – Bismarck: Like a Prime – Cavour: Like a Prime Minister. Runs the show – William I: King of Prussia Minister Runs the show – Victor Emmanuel: Like a King of Sardinia – Mazzini/Garibaldi- Both want a Republic, Cavour does not.
German and Italian Unification German States l Issues: – Prussia seeks a common German State – They will lead, others have to follow – Has to deal with liberals who do not want $ spent on the military – Austria, another German State, is nearly as strong as Prussia l Italian States l Issues: l – Have never been unified since the fall of Rome – Have separate Agendas l l North = Industry South = Agriculture – Have a strong foreign presence in their area l l Austria France
German and Italian Unification German States l Who wants what? – Bismarck – wants to increase the size of Prussia – If it mean a unified Germany, so be it – He is a Prussian before he is a German – William I – is willing to let Bismarck Run the show l Italian States l Who wants what? l – Cavour – feels that a strong, industrial Piedmont will lead the rest of the States. $ = Power = unification – Mazzini and Cavour want unification based on political ideology: A Republic – Victor Emmanuel - is willing to let Cavour run the show
German and Italian Unification l German States l Obstacles to Unification – Austria- they are a powerful “German State” with a different agenda than Prussia – France: they control land that used to belong to Prussia – Political Differences. Between Bismarck and the wealthy classes (over $ for war) l Italian States l Obstacles to Unification – Austria – They control/manage Piedmont – France – They control parts of the Center of Italy – Political Differences – Between Cavour, who has no problem having a King as long as Italy is unified, and Garibaldi, who wants Italy to be a Republic.
German and Italian Unification l German States l l Steps to Unification Bismarck raises $ for the Military Allies with Russia to Take back Schleswig and Holstein Provokes Austria to was and crushes them in 7 Weeks Provokes France and crushes them (revenge for Napoleon) Establishes Germany in 1871 l l l Italian States Steps to Unification l Sardinia Provokes Austria into battle and beats them (with French help) l Garibaldi gathers his army “Red Shirts” in the south, they conquer and move north l Cavour links with Garibaldi, and France is Finally is driven from Italy because they were being beaten by Prussia
German and Italian Unification l German States l Italian States l Results of Unification – A strong, Industrialized and – Division between North and Militarized German – Austria is “on its own” – Increased Tension between France and Germany – The seeds of the Germany we will see in WWI South Italy – Political Unity, but not cultural or social unity – The connection, of Unification, between Italy and Germany that will make them allies in WWI & WWII
GOALS BISMARCK CAVOUR METHODS
BISMARCK CAVOUR GOALS METHODS Unification of Germany Increase Prussian Power Decrease Austrian influence in Germany (drive them out of Germany) Unification of Italy Make Sardinia a model of progress and efficiency (liberalism) “blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco -Prussian War) Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia) Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him
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