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• geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Computer network Wireless technologies Communications satellites – Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit 35, 400 km (22, 000 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite - Types 1 Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite - Orbit types 1 The commonly used altitude classifications are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2000 km, and Medium Earth orbit is any orbit higher than that but still below the altitude for geosynchronous orbit at 35786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than the altitude for geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite - Altitude classifications Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2, 000 km (1, 200 mi) to just below geosynchronous orbit at 35, 786 km (22, 236 mi). Also known as an intermediate circular orbit. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite - Altitude classifications 1 High Earth orbit (HEO): Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35, 786 km (22, 236 mi). https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite - Eccentricity classifications 1 Geosynchronous transfer orbit: An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite - Synchronous classifications 1 Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): Orbits with an altitude of approximately 35, 786 km (22, 236 mi). Such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite - Synchronous classifications Geostationary orbit (GEO): A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite Internet access - Geostationary unsuitable for low-latency applications A geostationary orbit (or geostationary Earth orbit/GEO) is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude), with a period equal to the Earth's rotational period an orbital eccentricity of approximately zero (i. e 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite Internet access - Satellites launched 1 The Echo. Star XVII satellite with JUPITER High-Throughput Technology, built by Space Systems/Loral, was launched July 5, 2012 by Arianespace and was placed in its permanent geosynchronous orbital slot of 107. 1° West longitude. The satellite services the Hughes. Net Gen 4 satellite Internet service. Employing a multi-spot beam, bent-pipe architecture, this Ka-band satellite has over 100 Gbit/s of throughput capacity. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

GLONASS - CDMA signals 1 Additional satellites may use Molniya orbit, Tundra orbit, geosynchronous orbit, or inclined orbit to offer increased regional availability, similar to Japanese QZSS system. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space tower The concept of a structure reaching to geosynchronous orbit was first conceived by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who proposed a compression structure, or "Tsiolkovsky tower". 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space elevator 1 A space elevator is a proposed type of space transportation system. Its main component is a ribbon-like cable (also called a tether) anchored to the surface and extending into space above the level of geosynchronous orbit. As the planet rotates, the centrifugal force at the upper end of the tether counteracts gravity, and keeps the cable taut. Vehicles can then climb the tether and reach orbit without the use of rocket propulsion. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Non-rocket spacelaunch - Hypersonic skyhook Without the two end ballasts, a space elevator would still be in geosynchronous orbit, and thus stationary relative to the ground 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space fountain 1 A space fountain is a proposed form of space elevator that does not require the structure to be in geosynchronous orbit, and does not rely on tensile strength for support https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Latency (engineering) - Satellite transmission 1 The signal travels from the newsreader via communication satellite situated in geosynchronous orbit to the reporter and then goes all the way back to geosynchronous orbit and then to the studio, resulting in a journey of over one hundred thousand kilometers https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space-based solar power - SERT 1 The program looked both at systems in sunsynchronous orbit and geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space-based solar power - Non-conventional launch methods Some possible technologies include ground launch systems such as Star Tram, mass drivers or launch loops, which would launch using electrical power, or the geosynchronous orbit space elevator 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space-based solar power - Timeline 1968: Dr. Peter Glaser introduces the concept of a "solar power satellite" system with square miles of solar collectors in high geosynchronous orbit for collection and conversion of sun's energy into a microwave beam to transmit usable energy to large receiving antennas (rectennas) on Earth for distribution. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space Network - Satellite generations Additional spare TDRSs may be in geosynchronous orbit. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space elevator - Cable material 1 If the material can support a free breaking length of only one tenth this, the section needed at a geosynchronous orbit will be e 10 (a factor of 22026) times the ground section. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space elevator - Climbers Another design constraint will be the ascending speed of the climber. As geosynchronous orbit is at 35, 786 km (22, 236 mi), assuming the climber can reach the speed of a very fast car or train of 300 km/h (180 mph) it will take 5 days to climb to geosynchronous orbit. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space elevator - Construction Earlier designs imagined the balancing mass to be another cable (with counterweight) extending upward, with the main spool remaining at the original geosynchronous orbit level 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space elevator - Safety issues and construction challenges 1 For early systems, transit times from the surface to the level of geosynchronous orbit would be about five days. On these early systems, the time spent moving through the Van Allen radiation belts would be enough that passengers would need to be protected from radiation by shielding, which adds mass to the climber and decreases payload. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Computer networking - *Communications satellites– Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geosynchronous orbit above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite phone - Low Earth orbit Since the satellites are not geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous, they must fly complete orbits 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Network performance - Satellite telephony 1 A telecom satellite in geosynchronous orbit imposes a path length of at least 71000 km between transmitter and receiver. Roddy, 2001, 67 - 90 which means a minimum delay between message request and message receipt, or latency of 473 ms. This delay can be very noticeable and affects satellite phone service regardless of available throughput capacity. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Orbital elevator - Climbers 1 Climber speed is constrained on the upper end by Coriolis force, power available and ensuring the climber's accelerating force does not break the cable. On the lower end, speed is constrained by the need to move material up and down economically and expeditiously. At the speed of a very fast car or train of 300 km/h (180 mph) it will take about five days to climb to geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Orbital elevator - Construction Earlier designs imagined the balancing mass to be another cable (with counterweight) extending upward, with the main spool remaining at the original geosynchronous orbit level 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Orbital elevator - Safety issues and construction challenges 1 For early systems, transit times from the surface to the level of geosynchronous orbit would be about five days. On these early systems, the time spent moving through the Van Allen radiation belts would be enough that passengers would need to be protected from radiation by shielding, which adds mass to the climber and decreases payload. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Receiver (radio) - Types of radio receivers 1 *Satellite television receivers, used to receive television programming from communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Unmanned space vehicle - Robotic spacecraft service vehicles * MDA Space Infrastructure Servicing vehicle — an in-space propellant depot|refueling depot and service spacecraft for communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit. Launch planned for 2015. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Global commons - Outer space 1 In 1976 eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Republic of Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in Bogotá, Colombia to make the Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also known as the Bogotá Declaration, a claim to control the segment of the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims are not internationally accepted. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Interstellar space - Legal status In 1976 eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Republic of the Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in Bogotá, Colombia. They made the Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also known as the Bogotá Declaration, where they made a claim to control the segment of the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims are not internationally accepted. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Solar thermal rocket - Solar-thermal design concepts 1 Even the lower specific impulse represents a significant increase over that of conventional chemical rockets, however, an increase that can provide substantial payload gains (45 percent for a Low Earth orbit|LEO-to-Geosynchronous orbit|GEO mission) at the expense of increased trip time (14 days compared to 10 hours). https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Ion thruster - Operational missions 1 Ion thrusters are routinely used for stationkeeping on commercial and military communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit, including satellites manufactured by Boeing and by Hughes Aerospace. The pioneers in this field were the Soviet Union, who used SPT thrusters on a variety of satellites starting in the early 1970 s. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Ion thruster - Operational missions 1 AEHF-2 used a chemical engine to raise perigee to 10150 miles and is then proceeding to geosynchronous orbit using electric propulsion. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Solar power satellite - Timeline *'1968': Dr. Peter Glaser introduces the concept of a solar power satellite system with square miles of solar collectors in high geosynchronous orbit for collection and conversion of sun's energy into a microwave beam to transmit usable energy to large receiving antennas (rectennas) on Earth for distribution. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Global navigation satellite systems - CDMA signals The new satellites will be deployed into three additional planes, bringing the total to six planes from the current three, aided by System for Differential Correction and Monitoring (SDCM) which is a GNSS augmentation|GNSS augmentation system based on a network of ground-based control stations and communication satellites Luch 5 A and Luch 5 B. [http: //www. unoosa. org/pdf/icg/2012/icg-7/32. pdf SDCM status and plans], Grigory Stupak, 7 th ICG Meeting, November 2012 Additional satellites may use Molniya orbit, Tundra orbit, geosynchronous orbit, or inclined orbit to offer increased regional availability, similar to Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System|QZSS system. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html 1

Inclined orbit - Special case: geosynchronous inclined orbit 1 In the case of an inclined geosynchronous orbit, although the satellite remains geosynchronous (that is, completing one orbit around the earth every 24 hours), it is no longer geostationary https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Beidou navigation system - Description 1 Bei. Dou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older Bei. Dou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with Bei. Dou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Luch 5 A 1 'Luch 5 A' ( meaning ray and sometimes Romanisation of Russian|transliterated as Loutch-5 A) is a Russian Luch (satellite)|Luch relay satellite which will transmit data from the Russian Orbital Segment of the International Space Station, and from other satellites in low Earth orbit. It will be in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit 1 The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an observer on the surface of the Earth, an object in geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one sidereal day https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit 1 A special case of geosynchronous orbit is the geostationary orbit, which is a circular geosynchronous orbit at zero inclination (that is, directly above the equator) https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit - Orbital characteristics 1 All Earth geosynchronous orbits, whether circular or elliptical, have a semi-major axis of. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit - Orbital characteristics 1 In the special case of a geostationary orbit, the ground track of a satellite is a single point on the equator. In the general case of a geosynchronous orbit with a non-zero inclination or Eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity, the ground track is a more or less distorted figure-eight, returning to the same places once per sidereal day. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits Elliptic orbit|Elliptical geosynchronous orbits can be and are designed for communications satellites in order to keep the satellite within view of its assigned ground stations or receivers. A satellite in an elliptical geosynchronous orbit appears to oscillate in the sky from the viewpoint of a ground station, tracing an analemma (figure 8) in the sky. Satellites in highly elliptical orbits must be tracked by steerable ground stations. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits 1 The Infrared Space Observatory was in a highly-elliptical geosynchronous orbit with an orbital height of apogee 70, 600 km and perigee 1, 000 km. It was controlled by two ground stations. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits An active geosynchronous orbit is a hypothetical orbit that could be maintained if forces other than gravity were also used, such as a solar sail. Such a statite could be geosynchronous in an orbit different (higher, lower, more or less elliptical, or some other path) from the conic section orbit dictated by the laws of gravity. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits 1 A further form of geosynchronous orbit is proposed for theoretical space elevator, in which one end of the structure is tethered to the ground, maintaining a longer orbital period than by gravity alone if under tension. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous orbit - History 1 The first communications satellite placed in a geosynchronous orbit was Syncom 2, launched in 1963. However, it was in an inclined orbit, still requiring the use of moving antennas. The first communications satellite placed in a geostationary orbit was Syncom 3. Geostationary orbits have been in common use ever since, in particular for satellite television. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation - Satellites 'GSAT-8' is an Indian geostationary satellites, which was successfully launched using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011 and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Fregat - Fregat-SB 1 Fregat-SB was launched for the first time on 20 January 2011, when it lifted the Elektro-L weather satellite into geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Luch 5 B 1 'Luch 5 B' ( meaning ray and sometimes Romanisation of Russian|transliterated as Loutch-5 B) is a Russian Luch (satellite)|Luch relay satellite which will transmit data from the Russian Orbital Segment of the International Space Station, and from other satellites in low Earth orbit. It will be in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Tundra orbit A 'Tundra orbit' (Russian language|Russian: Тундра) is a type of Highly Elliptical Orbit|highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit with a high inclination (usually near 63. 4°) and an orbital period of one solar day 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geostationary Earth Orbit 1 A geostationary orbit is a particular type of geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System - Description 1 Two of the geosynchronous orbit|GSOs will cross the equator at 55° East and two at 111. 75° East https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

VSATs access satellite(s) in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh networking|mesh topology) or master earth station hubs (in star topology). 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Colonization of Phobos - Energy Therefore, other than proposed demonstration projects for power delivered to Earth, the first priority for SPS electricity is likely to be locations in space, such as communications satellites, fuel depots or orbital tugboat boosters transferring cargo and passengers between Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) and other orbits such as Geosynchronous orbit (GEO), lunar orbit or Highly-Eccentric Earth Orbit 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Launch loop - Capacity and capabilities 1 To access circular orbits using a launch loop a relatively small 'kick motor' would need to be launched with the payload which would fire at apogee and would circularise the orbit. For geosynchronous orbit|GEO insertion this would need to provide a delta-v of about 1. 6 km/s, for Low Earth orbit|LEO to circularise at 500 km would require a delta-v of just 120 m/s. Conventional rockets require delta-vs of roughly 10 and 14 km/s to reach LEO and GEO respectively. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Commercialization of space - History On April 6, 1965, the Hughes Aircraft Company placed the Intelsat I communications satellite geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Lunar space elevator - History The idea of space elevators has been around since 1960 when Yuri Artsutanov wrote a Sunday supplement to Pravda on how to build such a structure and the utility of geosynchronous orbit. His article however, was not known in the West. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

ELDO - Launches 1 After F-10 was cancelled, it was decided that Woomera launch site was not suitable for putting satellites into geosynchronous orbit. In 1966, it was decided to move to the French site of Kourou in South America. F 11 was fired from here in November 1971, but the failure of the autopilot caused the vehicle to break up. The launch of F 12 was postponed whilst a project review was carried out, which led to the decision to abandon the Europa design. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

European Data Relay System The 'European Data Relay System' ('EDRS') system will be a constellation of geosynchronous orbit|GEO satellites intended to relay information and data between satellites / spacecraft and Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs and ground stations. The system will allow almost full-time communication even with satellites in Low Earth orbit which often have a very reduced visibility from any ground station. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Guiana Space Centre - Facilities 1 Kourou is located approximately north of the equator, at a latitude of 5° 10'. At this latitude, the Earth's rotation gives a velocity of approximately when the launch trajectory heads eastward. The proximity to the equator also makes maneuvering satellites for geosynchronous orbits simpler and less costly. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Guiana Space Centre - Launch safety 1 The Guiana Space Centre (as per CNES) also holds the Îles du Salut, a former penal colony including the infamous Devil's Island. Now a tourist site, the islands are under the launching trajectory for geosynchronous orbit and have to be evacuated during launches. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Spaceport - Spaceports beyond Earth Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for example, will be spaceports by definition. [] The 2012 Space Studies Program of the International Space University studied the economic benefit of a network of spaceports throughout the solar system beginning from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure for Space (OASIS). http: //www. oasisnext. com/, OASIS official website Its analysis claimed that the first phase, placing the Node 1 spaceport with space tug services in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), would be commercially profitable and reduce transportation costs to geosynchronous orbit by as much as 44% (depending on the launch vehicle) 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Defense Research and Development Organization - Anti-satellite weapon The defence ministry in 2010 had even drafted a 15 -year Technology Perspective and Roadmap, which held development of ASAT weapons for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both Low Earth orbit|LEO (2, 000 -km altitude above earth's surface) and the higher geosynchronous orbit as a thrust area in its long-term integrated perspective plan under the management of DRDO. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps - The steps of the project 1 # Asgard. Build a space station in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Statite 1 Typically, a statite would use the solar sail to hover in a location that would not otherwise be available as a stable geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - History of artificial satellites 1 Early satellites were constructed as oneoff designs. With growth in Geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous (GEO) communication satellite|satellite communication, multiple satellites began to be built on Comparison of satellite buses|single model platforms called satellite buses. The first standardized satellite bus design was the HS-333 GEO commsat, launched in 1972. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - Types 1 *'Communications satellites' are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - Orbit types 1 The commonly used altitude classifications are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO). Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2000 km, and Medium Earth orbit is any orbit higher than that but still below the altitude for geosynchronous orbit at 35786 km. High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than the altitude for geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - Altitude classifications 1 * 'Medium Earth orbit (MEO)': Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from to just below geosynchronous orbit at. Also known as an intermediate circular orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - Altitude classifications 1 * 'High Earth orbit (HEO)': Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - Eccentricity classifications ** 'Geosynchronous transfer orbit': An elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - Synchronous classifications 1 * 'Geosynchronous orbit (GSO)': Orbits with an altitude of approximately. Such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Artificial satellite - Synchronous classifications ** 'Geostationary orbit (GEO)': A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space elevators in fiction - Novels and fairy tales 1 * The Gordon Mamon Casebook, five SF murder-mystery stories (Murder On The Zenith Express, Single Handed, The Fall Guy, The Hunt For Red Leicester, and A Night To Remember) by Simon Petrie, set on a string of hotel modules ascending and descending a space elevator that connects Earth with a mega-hotel in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications 1 : 'Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)' - Geocentric orbits with altitudes at apogee ranging between and that of the geosynchronous orbit at. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications : 'Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)' Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude of. The period of the orbit equals one sidereal day, coinciding with the rotation period of the Earth. The speed is approximately. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications : 'High Earth Orbit (HEO)' - Geocentric orbits with altitudes at apogee higher than that of the geosynchronous orbit. A special case of high Earth orbit is the highly elliptical orbit, where altitude at perigee is less than. [http: //gcmd. nasa. gov/User/suppguide/pla tforms/orbit. html Definitions of geocentric orbits from the Goddard Space Flight Center] 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geocentric orbit - Eccentricity classifications : : 'Geosynchronous transfer orbit' - A geocentric-elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and the apogee at the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geocentric orbit - Geosynchronous classifications 1 : 'Geosynchronous orbit (GEO)' - Orbits with an altitude of approximately. Such a satellite would trace an analemma (figure 8) in the sky. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geocentric orbit - Geosynchronous classifications : : : 'Geostationary orbit (GSO)': A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite would appear as a fixed point in the sky. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Fengyun 1 'Fēngyún' (), abbreviated 'FY', are China's weather satellites. China has launched polar orbit and geosynchronous orbit meteorological satellites since 1988. On January 11, 2007 China destroyed one of these satellites (FY-1 C) in a 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test|test of an antisatellite missile. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Fengyun 1 The satellites in the FY-1 series are polarorbiting sun-synchronous orbits. The satellites in the FY-2 series are in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Iranian Space Agency - Orbital launches 1 Iran plans to send one-ton satellites into an orbit of 1, 000 kilometers and is setting up a new launch site|launch base for this purpose. Iran is also planning to launch satellites into orbits of up to Geosynchronous orbit|36, 000 kilometers in 2016. http: //presstv. com/detail/230008. html http: //www. payvand. com/news/12/feb/111 0. htmlhttp: //presstv. com/detail/225942. htm l https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Interplanetary spaceflight - Reasons for interplanetary travel Other practical motivations for interplanetary travel are more speculative, because our current technologies are not yet advanced enough to support test projects. But science fiction writers have a fairly good track record in predicting future technologies — for example Geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous communications satellites (Arthur C. Clarke) and many aspects of computer technology (Mack Reynolds). 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space weather - Spacecraft anomalies 1 A recent study indicates that spacecraft charging is the predominant space weather effect on spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space Elevator Games 1 A space elevator is a theoretical system using a super-strong ribbon going from the surface of the Earth to a point beyond geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Xichang Satellite Launch Center - Future of the center With the completion of the upgrade of Wenchang Satellite Launch Center scheduled for 2013, all the Geosynchronous orbit|GEO missions will be transferred to this new space center 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space elevator economics - Cost estimates for a space elevator The gravitational potential energy of any object in geosynchronous orbit (GEO), relative to the surface of the earth, is about 50 MJ (15 k. Wh) of energy per kilogram (see geosynchronous orbit for details). Using wholesale electricity prices for 2008 to 2009, and the current 0. 5% efficiency of power beaming, a space elevator would require United States Dollar|USD 220/kg just in electrical costs. Dr. Edwards expects technical advances to increase the efficiency to 2%. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Ariane 4 - Launches 1 The inaugural flight of Ariane 4 took place in 1988. Since then has accomplished 116 flights with a success rate of more than 97%. The final launch of Ariane 4 rocket occurred on 15 February 2003, placing Intelsat 907 into geosynchronous orbit. Space and Tech: [http: //www. spaceandtech. com/digest/flash 2003 -009. shtml Last Ariane 4 Successfully Launches Intelsat 907], https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space Elevator Competitions 1 The center of gravity of the ribbon would be exactly in geosynchronous orbit, so that the ribbon would always stay above the anchor point https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space. X 1 Historic achievements by Space. X, among others, include: the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket (Falcon 1) to reach orbit (28 September 2008); the first privately funded company to successfully launch (by Falcon 9), orbit and recover a spacecraft (Dragon) (9 December 2010); the first private company to send a spacecraft (Dragon) to the International Space Station (25 May 2012); and the first private company to send a satellite into geosynchronous orbit 2013 in spaceflight#December|(3 December 2013). https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Advanced Common Evolved Stage ACES is intended to boost satellite payloads to geosynchronous orbit or, in the case of an interplanetary space probe, to or near to escape velocity 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Yuri Artsutanov 1 He suggested using the satellite as the base from which to construct the tower since a geosynchronous satellite will remain over a fixed point on the equator. [http: //www. navworld. com/newsletter s/issue 5. htm The Navigator Quarterly News Letter (September 2002)] By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from the geosynchronous orbit to the surface of Earth while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the center of mass of the cable at the same height above the Earth https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Centaur (rocket stage) 'Centaur' is a rocket stage designed for use as the upper stage of space launch vehicles. Centaur boosts its satellite payload to geosynchronous orbit or, in the case of an interplanetary space probe, to or near to escape velocity. Centaur was the world's first high-energy upper stage, burning liquid hydrogen (Liquid hydrogen|LH 2) and liquid oxygen (Liquid oxygen|LOX). 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Space debris - External removal 1 The Advanced Common Evolved Stage family of upper -stages is being explicitly designed to have the potential for high leftover propellant margins so that derelict capture/deorbit might be accomplished, as well as with propellant depot|in-space refuelling capability that could provide the high Delta-v|delta-V required to deorbit even heavy objects from geosynchronous orbits. Frank Zegler and Bernard Kutter, [http: //www. ulalaunch. com/site/docs/publications/Depo t. Based. Transportation. Architecture 2010. pdf Evolving to a Depot-Based Space Transportation Architecture], AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference Exposition, 30 August -2 September 2010, AIAA 2010– 8638. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation - United States: Satellite Platforms US SIGINT satellites have included the CANYON series Rhyolite/Aquacade series, succeeded by the Magnum (satellite)|Vortex/Magnum/Orion and Mentor (satellite)|Mentor. Where the preceding satellites were in close to geosynchronous orbit, JUMPSEAT/TRUMPET satellites were in Moliyna orbits giving better polar coverage. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Maintenance philosophy - Automatic Corrective Action This is not possible for geosynchronous orbit, where all functions must be accomplished by one vehicle that performs all functions must maintain stable position over one specific spot over the earth surface. Satellites intended to operate in geosynchronous orbit must incorporate active recovery that prevents total failure when one or more parts fail. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Surrey Satellite Technology - Platforms : Low-cost communications, versatile, navigation and exploration platform. The SSTL-900 is designed for MEO, Geosynchronous orbit|GEO, High Earth orbit|HEO and interplanetary orbits. Flight heritage achieved as Europe’s first Galileo satellite, GIOVE-A. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Materials science in science fiction *Extrapolation: In The Fountains of Paradise, Arthur C. Clarke wrote about space elevators - basically long cables extending from the Earth's surface to geosynchronous orbit. These require a material with enormous tensile strength and light weight. Carbon nanotubes are strong enough in theory, so the idea is plausible; while one cannot be built today, it violates no physical principles. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Gerard O'Neill - Entrepreneurial efforts 1 Geostar launched GSTAR-2 into geosynchronous orbit in 1986 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Steven J. Ostro - Notable asteroids observed by Ostro include 1 *99942 Apophis - a near-Earth asteroid that will pass within geosynchronous orbit in 2029. astrometry|Radar astrometry from observations by Ostro's group have been essential to predicting Apophis' trajectory. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Thuraya - Satellites 1 It is located in geosynchronous orbit at 44 deg-E longitude, inclined at 6. 3 degrees https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Thuraya - Satellites The launch vessels set out from port again on 2008 -01 -02, and launch occurred successfully at 11: 49 GMT on 2008 -01 -15. The Thuraya 3 satellite is technically the same as Thuraya 2, but located in geosynchronous orbit at 98. 5 deg-E longitude, inclined at 6. 2 degrees. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Mac. Donald, Dettwiler and Associates - History 1 * 2011 – announced funding partner and inaugural launch customer (Intelsat) for the MDA Space Infrastructure Servicing vehicle, a refueling depot and service spacecraft for communication satellites in geosynchronous orbit—slated to be the first in-space propellant depot in spaceflight history. Launch planned for 2015. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Propellant Depot 1 Intelsat has recently contracted for an Space Infrastructure Servicing|initial demonstration mission to refuel several satellites in geosynchronous orbit, beginning in 2015. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Propellant Depot 1 A low earth orbit (LEO) depot's primary function would be to provide propellant to a transfer stage headed to the moon, Mars, or possibly a geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Moons of Pluto - Formation and resonances 1 It may be that these orbits originated as forced resonances when Charon was tidally boosted into its current geosynchronous orbit, and then released from resonance as Charon's orbital eccentricity was tidally damped https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA - Potential uses 1 If an NRO telescope is used, the mission might move from the planned L 2 point orbiting the sun to geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Reaction control system For stationkeeping, some spacecraft (particularly those in geosynchronous orbit) use high-specific impulse engines such as arcjets, ion thrusters, or Hall effect thrusters 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Mercury (satellite) 1 The satellites collect Signals intelligence|SIGINT from near-geosynchronous orbits https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Extraterrestrial real estate - Ownership of empty space 1 The 1976 Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also known as the 'Bogotá Declaration', signed by several countries located on the Earth's equator, attempted to assert sovereignty over those portions of the geosynchronous orbit that continuously lie over the signatory nation's territory https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite bus They are commonly used for geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous satellites, particularly communications satellites, but are also used in spacecraft which occupy lower orbits, occasionally including low Earth orbit missions. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Commsat - Television 1 As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of Geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct broadcast satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS). https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geostationary transfer orbit A 'geosynchronous transfer orbit' or 'geostationary transfer orbit' ('GTO') is a Hohmann transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous or geostationary orbit. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geostationary transfer orbit 1 If only the Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity of the orbit is reduced to zero, the result is a geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Eutelsat - Satellites 1 Eutelsat commercializes capacity on 37 satellites located in geosynchronous orbit between 116 degrees West and 172 degrees East. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Kwajalein Atoll - 21 st century It could launch Falcon 9 s into polar orbit|polar and geosynchronous orbit. Due to a disagreement about building a new launch pad on Omelek, between either the US military and or the RMI, Space X moved their main facilities to the US and no longer uses the facilities in the atoll. [http: //spacex. com/falcon 9. php Space. X Falcon 9] 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous satellite 1 Another type of geosynchronous orbit used by satellites is the Tundra orbit|Tundra elliptical orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Asteroid M - History 1 They have all been positioned in a low geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Asteroid M - Third version In X-Men, vol. 2 #1 (October 1991), it is stated that the asteroid is in geosynchronous orbit and 250 kilometers above the Earth. The asteroid also has selective inhibitor fields that may keep mutants or superhumans from using their powers. This version of the asteroid has medical and science facilities, an observation deck, sleeping quarters, and a swimming pool. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Gravity-gradient stabilization 1 The technique was first successfully used in a near-geosynchronous orbit on the DODGE (satellite)|Department of Defense Gravity Experiment (DODGE) satellite in July 1967. [http: //space. skyrocket. de/doc_sdat/ dodge. htm Gunter's Space Page: DODGE] https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Gravity-gradient stabilization It was first used for low Earth orbit and tested unsuccessfully for geosynchronous orbit in the Applications Technology Satellites ATS-2, ATS-4 and ATS-5 from 1966 until 1969. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Satellite broadcasting - Early milestones The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed Early Bird, was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, 1965 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

List of broadcast satellites 1 A number of weather satellites are also present in geosynchronous orbits https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

ICO Global Communications - G 1 satellite 1 It is currently in a nominal geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Very-small-aperture terminal VSATs access satellite(s) in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh networking|mesh topology) or master earth station hubs (in star topology). 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

IRNSS - Time-frame 1 Seven satellites with the prefix IRNSS-1 will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS-1 A, the first of the seven satellites of the IRNSS constellation, on 1 July 2013. IRNSS-1 B was launched on 4 April 2014 at 17: 14 IST on board the PSLV-C 24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

IRNSS - Description 1 Two of the geosynchronous orbit|GSOs will cross the equator at 55°East and two at 111. 75°East https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

IRNSS - IRNSS-1 A was the first navigational satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System series of satellites to be placed in geosynchronous orbit 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Atlas-Centaur - Early development and testing 1 More than a year later, the second test took place in November 1963 a few days after President Kennedy's assassination. The redesigned Centaur stage functioned without any problems, reaching a low Earth orbit, firing its engine again, and moving to a geosynchronous orbit. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Defense Support Program - History 1 Further delays forced the launch back to November 11, 2007, when the satellite launched at 01: 50: 00 GMT (20: 50 EST on 10 November). This satellite died in space sometime during 2008, for reasons unknown. It is now adrift in geosynchronous orbit and remains a potential hazard to other craft. The Department Of Defense sent a Mi. TEx spacecraft to inspect DSP 23 sometime in 2008. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Sky. Terra - History 1 AMSC initially provided Geosynchronous orbit|GEO based satellite services based on its MSAT satellite. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Atlas II 1 It was designed to launch payloads into low earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer orbit or geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Atlas II - Features 1 The total thrust capability of the Atlas II of 490, 000 pounds force (2, 200 k. N) enabled the booster to lift payloads of 6, 100 pounds (2, 767 kg) into geosynchronous orbit of 22, 000 miles (35, 000 km) or more https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Titan IV - General characteristics 1 **up to into a geosynchronous orbit when launched from Cape Canaveral AFS, Fla. ; https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Interplanetary space - Legal status In 1976, eight equatorial states (Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Republic of the Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia) met in Bogotá, Colombia. They made the Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also known as the Bogotá Declaration, where they made a claim to control the segment of the geosynchronous orbital path corresponding to each country. These claims are not internationally accepted. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

SM-65 D Atlas 1 It was later developed as a launch vehicle to carry a payload to low Earth orbit on its own, and later to geosynchronous orbit, to the Moon, Venus, or Mars with the RM-81 Agena|Agena or Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur multistage rocket|upper stage. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Rocketplane Kistler - K-1 launch vehicle 1 Rocketplane Kistler's primary project was the K-1 launch vehicle, a reusable launch system which was intended to get as high as geosynchronous orbit, and was hoped to compete with relatively expensive, oneshot rockets for servicing of the International Space Station. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Hughes Network Systems - Hughes. Net Latency is a serious issue with any Geostationary orbit#Communications|communication to satellites in geosynchronous orbit, since it takes approximately a quarter second at the speed of light to travel from earth to the satellite and back. This compares poorly with conventional fiber optic land lines, which typically take a thirtieth of a second or less to cross a continent. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Delta B Syncom-1 was intended to be the first satellite to be placed into a geosynchronous orbit, however the spacecraft malfunctioned prior to reaching this orbit 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Lockheed Martin Space Systems - History 1 In June 2014 the company was contracted by the United States Air Force on a fixedprice basis to build the fifth and sixth Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, known as GEO-5 and GEO-6, for the Space Based Infrared System at a cost of $1. 86 billion https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Delta M 1 Of the thirteen launches, twelve carried geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous communications satellites https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Supersynchronous orbit - Geocentric supersynchronous orbits 1 One particular supersynchronous orbital regime of significant Value (economics)|economic value to Earth commerce is a band of circular orbit|nearcircular Geocentric orbit|Geocentric orbits beyond the Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous belt—with perigee altitude above , approximately above synchronous orbit|synchronous altitude https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Supersynchronous orbit - Geocentric supersynchronous orbits An additional common use of supersynchronous orbits are for the launch and transfer orbit|transfer orbit trajectory of new commsats intended for geosynchronous orbits. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

R-7 (rocket family) - History Guiana will be used primarily for commercial launches to geosynchronous orbit, taking advantage of the launch site's proximity to the equator. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Atlas III - Launches 1 The maiden flight of the Atlas III occurred on May 24, 2000, launching the Eutelsat 36 A|Eutelsat W 4 communications satellite into a geosynchronous orbit. All Atlas III launches were made from Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 36|Space Launch Complex 36 B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The Atlas III made its sixth and last flight on February 3, 2005, with a classified payload for the United States National Reconnaissance Office. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Ground track - Orbital period and ground track 1 As the orbital period of a satellite increases, approaching the Earth rotation|rotational period of the Earth (in other words, as its average orbital speed slows towards the rotational speed of the Earth), its sinusoidal ground track will become compressed longitudinally, meaning that the nodes (the points at which it crosses the equator) will become closer together, until at geosynchronous orbit they lie directly on top of each other https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Ground track - Orbital period and ground track 1 A satellite whose orbital period is equal to the rotational period of the Earth is said to be in a geosynchronous orbit. Its ground track will have a figure eight shape over a fixed location on the Earth, crossing the equator twice each day. It will track eastward when it is on the part of its orbit closest to perigee, and westward when it is closest to apogee. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Ground track - Orbital period and ground track 1 A special case of the geosynchronous orbit, the geostationary orbit, has an Orbital eccentricity|eccentrity of zero (meaning the orbit is circular), and an inclination of zero in the ECEF|Earth. Centered, Earth-Fixed Cartesian coordinate system|coordinate system (meaning the orbital plane is not tilted relative to the Earth's equator) https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-49 1 The primary goal of its nine-day mission was to retrieve an Intelsat VI|VI satellite (Intelsat 603, which failed to leave low earth orbit two years before), attach it to a new upper stage, and relaunch it to its intended geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-49 - Mission highlights 1 The Intelsat 603 satellite, stranded in an unusable orbit since launch aboard a Commercial Titan III rocket in March 1990, was captured by crewmembers during an EVA (extra-vehicular activity) and equipped with a new perigee kick motor. The satellite was subsequently released into orbit and the new motor fired to put the spacecraft into a geosynchronous orbit for operational use. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-32 - Mission summary Syncom IV-F 5 was deployed on the second flight day, and a third-stage Minuteman solid perigee kick motor propelled it into a geosynchronous orbit 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-51 -I - Mission summary 1 All three achieved their planned geosynchronous orbits and became operational. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-51 -I - Mission summary 1 After a second EVA by Fisher and van Hoften, the satellite's control lever was repaired, permitting commands from the ground to activate the spacecraft's systems and eventually send it into its proper geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Greg Jarvis - Career 1 In 1976, the MARISAT F-3 was placed in geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Subsynchronous orbit - Economic importance in commercial spaceflight The Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous-belt subsynchronous orbital regime is regularly used in spaceflight. This orbit is typically used to house working communication satellites that have not yet been deactivated, and may be still be used again in Geostationary orbit|geostationary service if the need arises. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-43 - Mission Highlights 1 The primary payload, Tracking and Data Relay Satellite-5 (TDRS-5 or TDRS-E), attached to an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), was deployed about six hours into flight, and the IUS propelled the satellite into geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-43 - Mission Highlights 1 TDRS E, which became TDRS-5 on orbit, was successfully boosted to geosynchronous orbit at more than 22, 000 miles () above Earth by two firings of the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) booster, the last of which occurred approximately 12½ hours into the mission. TDRS then deployed its antennas and solar panels, and separation from the IUS took place less than 45 minutes later. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-51 -C - Mission summary It is believed that the payload was an Magnum (satellite)|Magnum/ORION ELINT satellite into geosynchronous orbit 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-38 - Classified payload During STS-38, Atlantis deployed USA 67. [http: //nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov/database/Mast er. Catalog? sc=1990 -097 B NASA Space Data Center: NSSDC ID: 1990 -097 B USA-67] ELINT Program According to Aviation Week, this was a secret Magnum (satellite)|Magnum ELINT (ELectronic INTtelligence) gathering satellite headed for geosynchronous orbit like those launched by STS-51 -C and STS-33, launched to monitor the events during the first Gulf War in 1990 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits 1 * Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2, 000 km (1, 240 miles) to just below geosynchronous orbit at. Also known as an intermediate circular orbit. These are most commonly at , or , with an orbital period of 12 hours. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits 1 * Both Geosynchronous orbit (GSO) and Geostationary orbit (GEO) are orbits around Earth matching Earth's sidereal rotation period. All geosynchronous and geostationary orbits have a semi-major axis of. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits All geostationary orbits are also geosynchronous, but not all geosynchronous orbits are geostationary. A geostationary orbit stays exactly above the equator, whereas a geosynchronous orbit may swing north and south to cover more of the Earth's surface. Both complete one full orbit of Earth per sidereal day (relative to the stars, not the sun). 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits 1 * High Earth orbit: Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35, 786 km (22, 240 miles). https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

List of orbits - Synchronicity classifications 1 * Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): An orbit around the Earth with a period equal to one sidereal day, which is Earth's average rotational period of 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4. 091 seconds https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

List of orbits - Synchronicity classifications ** Geostationary orbit (GEO): A circular geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the ground this satellite appears as a fixed point in the sky. All geostationary orbits must be geosynchronous, but not all geosynchronous orbits are geostationary. 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Jamesburg Earth Station The 10 -story high, dish, driven by a Vertex-RSI 7210 drive system, served for about 35 years as the West Coast Earth station#Telecommunications port|Teleport of ATT/COMSAT's communications Satellite Network, and was the earth station serving Intelsat satellites parked in geosynchronous orbit over the Pacific Ocean 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

High Earth orbit 1 A 'high Earth orbit' is a geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit (). https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Synchronous orbit - Nomenclature 1 The more general case, when the orbit is inclined to the Earth's equator or is noncircular is called a geosynchronous orbit https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

STS-33 - Mission summary Experts believe that this was a secret Magnum (satellite)|Magnum ELINT (ELectronic INTtelligence) satellite headed for geosynchronous orbit, similar to that launched by STS-51 -C in 1985, making this mission essentially a duplicate of that earlier mission 1 https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit 1 The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an observer on the surface of the Earth, an object in geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one sidereal day https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit - Orbital characteristics 1 Circular Earth geosynchronous orbits have a radius of. All Earth geosynchronous orbits, whether circular or elliptical, have the same semi-major axis. https: //store. theartofservice. com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit. html

For More Information, Visit: • https: //store. theartofservice. co m/the-geosynchronous-orbittoolkit. html The Art of Service https: //store. theartofservice. com