Georgia Farm 2 Fly Aviation and RSB Barbara

Georgia Farm 2 Fly – Aviation and RSB Barbara Bramble – Chair of the RSB Board of Directors and Senior Advisor, International Wildlife Conservation NWF 1 2015 November 2015

Biofuels, Biomass and Bioenergy Neither good nor bad by category It all depends – on how and where produced There are valid concerns – inadequate legislation • Land use change and conservation of biological diversity • Water availability • Invasive species as new energy crops • Real carbon benefit? • Social concerns – land water rights, and others That’s why credible, practical, and affordable certification is crucial • NWF supports RSB for this purpose. 2 Nov 2015

Food versus Fuel is a Red Herring – Much Too Simplistic #I The real controversy is conflict over LAND and its many uses • Nature conservation, human habitation, etc. Land may be available • Low productivity/degraded pastures and cropland can be restored But humans don’t have a good history of using land carefully • Costs of land restoration often discourage investment • Native prairies and rangelands are being turned into monocultures 3 Nov 2015

Food versus Fuel is a Red Herring – Much Too Simplistic #II Food security can be INCREASED via biomass and biofuels • Diversify crops and markets • Give value to cover crops and residues • Provide non-food, seasonally staggered sources of income • Provide energy for value-added products (critical for smallholders and local communities) • Stabilize grain prices – IF mandate for fuels is variable 4 Nov 2015

Residues can be Carefully Harvested – but Potential Impacts Remain Forestry and agriculture residue harvests should protect wildlife and habitat from • Harvesting during nesting, cutting stubble too short, chemicals Soil structure and carbon should be conserved • How much residue should be left on the land? Use of cover crops and no till practices could maximize carbon retention • But most farmers don’t use these yet • Rules for these are uncertain/uneven 5 Nov 2015

Biomass for Energy – More Controversies Threats • Habitat loss – Bottomland Hardwoods and Longleaf Pine chipped up/for co-firing with coal • Whole trees – carbon debt for decades masquerading as ‘carbon neutral’ (during precisely the near-term period where emissions must come down) • Large scale power plants – may depend on huge “woodsheds” that exceed local residue capacity Solutions • Small diameter – use only thinnings and residues for energy/fuel • Allow long-lived trees to continue sequestration until harvested for long-lived uses – housing, furniture, certain plastics • Good forest management – FSC standard is RSB selection 6 Nov 2015

RSB Stakeholders 120+ organizations from 30 countries including 30 NGOs 7 24/06/2015

RSB Principles and Criteria Legal Social Environmental Management and technical GHG emissions Human and Labor Rights Biodiversity Conservation Legality Rural and Social Development Land rights 8 Local Food Security Planning, Monitoring and Continuous Improvement Soil Water/rights Air Use of Technology, Inputs, and Management of Waste Nov 2015

Standard for Agricultural and other Residues Specific standard on residues and byproducts • Including used cooking oil, animal fats, stalks/leaves, stover (corn stalks) • Municipal solid waste, forestry operations Upstream verification for agricultural residues • Ensure enough residues to maintain soil organic matter • GHG emissions limited to transport and conversion to fuel • Direct land-use change • Specific requirements for palm oil and tallow.

Diversity of Feedstocks & Products 10 © Copyright 2015 Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB)

RSB Approach to ILUC – Low Risk Biomass Problem: Indirect impacts occur when land or raw materials are switched from traditional use as food/feed/fiber to a new use – for bioenergy or biomaterials. One result may be that the market demands replacement products, which raises the price and induces invasion of additional production areas - the famous “Indirect Land Use Change. ” RSB’s Solution: The Low Risk Biomass Approach • Developed jointly with WWF International and Ecofys • Encourages biomass production/processing which decreases the risk of displacement and competition with the food, feed and fiber sectors • Designed as a built-in complementary module for RSB-certified companies who wish to demonstrate a low risk of creating indirect impacts. 11 Nov 2015

Low ILUC Risk 3 scenarios 1. Yield increase beyond the baseline or double cropping/no additional land conversion 2. Unused or degraded land restoration/avoid shifting cultivation and saves natural habitats 3. Wastes and residues/not requiring dedicated production from arable land 12 Nov 2015

RSB In Aviation • SAFUG: • Formed in September 2008; Active RSB Member • Pledge to support verifiable sustainability metrics consistent with the RSB Principles & Criteria; 32 % of jet fuel demand • IATA, Airbus, Sky. NRG, South African Airways: Active RSB Members • Boeing: smallholder programme • ITAKA Project in EU: promotes RSB certification • Commercial flights: KLM (2013) 13 © Copyright 2015 Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) Nov 2015

Aviation Industry Works with RSB • Global best practice – available around the world, for multiple feedstocks; complementary to national schemes • Independent 3 rd Party Audits provide assurance of meeting standards – such as food security, biodiversity, land water rights • Promotion of Smallholder production • RSB is leading a process of benchmarking with other credible standards 14 Nov 2015

Achieving Impact South Africa/SAA • Energy tobacco - ‘Solaris’ Marble Hall, Limpopo Region 15

Final Message – Do More than One Thing at a Time So many smart projects solve more than one problem • Waste treatment service – and get fuel • MSW/Sewage/Algae-choked lakes • Restore land to productivity – and gain fuel • Cover crops and intercropping – several crops from the same land • Numerous ways to produce food and fuel from the same land resources • Moderate intensification of cattle and sugarcane in Sao Paulo, Brazil RSB recognizes these projects 16 24/06/2015

Thank you! Barbara Bramble, Chair of the Board bramble@nwf. org; +1 202 262 8236 Rolf Hogan, Executive Director Rolf. hogan@rsb. org http: //www. rsb. org 17 05/08/2015