Georges CERN Georges TRAD georges tradcern ch Lebanese

Georges @ CERN! Georges TRAD georges. trad@cern. ch Lebanese Teacher Programme 18/04/2017

“… Lebanese person at CERN would talk about himself, present his work, his carrier, etc. , for a short time (5 -10 minutes). In this way, they get to know what Lebanese people are doing at CERN, how did they manage to get there and what their future plans. …” WHO? NEXT? HOW? WHAT? 2

I came to CERN at the age of 21 This is my 8 th year at CERN 3

Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS) https: //indico. cern. ch/category/3833/ http: //www. esi-archamps. eu/Thematic-Schools Feb 2010 JUAS Mission Statement • The mission of the Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS) is primarily to train graduate students from the Partner Universities in the science, technology and applications of particle accelerators • For this purpose, JUAS holds two five-week courses yearly at the European Scientific Institute (ESI) in Archamps, taught by renowned experts from universities and laboratories and accredited by the Partner Universities: –A course on the Science of Particle Accelerators –A course on the Technology and Applications of Particle Accelerators 4 • Depending on the availability of places, JUAS also welcomes graduate students from other universities as well as professionals

Operations Group (OP) LHC section is responsible for the operation of the LHC Accelerator. 5 Undertaken activities include: accelerator physics, participation in machine studies, writing software applications for accelerator control, providing beam statistics. Beam Instrumentation Group (BI) Building and maintaining the instruments that allow observation of the particle beams parameters (Profile Monitoring Section). R&D to improve existing detection techniques and explore new avenues to allow further optimization of the current machines and to meet the challenges associated with future accelerators. Undertaken activities include: accelerator physics, participation in machine studies, detector technology, custom built electronics, software engineering.

MEASURE THE BEAM TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION INVASIVE MEAS. 6 NON-INVASIVE MEAS.

MEASURE THE BEAM TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION INVASIVE MEAS. § Wire passing across the beam, its position is read by a potentiometer. § Secondary emitted particles from the interaction, hit a scintillator generating photons. § Light detected by PMT creates the electric signal 7 § By sampling it @ 40 MHz, bunch by bunch measurement is obtained NON-INVASIVE MEAS. Filters Light PMT Electrical Signal Sampling @ 25 ns Scintillator

MEASURE THE BEAM TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION INVASIVE MEAS. Beam Size 1. 2 mm → 100 µm (450 Ge. V) → (7 Te. V) 5 T Undulator 8 T Bending Dipole BEAM The Visible Light source is : The undulator 450 Ge. V <= E <~ 1 Te. V The BD rising Edge 1 Te. V <~ E <~ 2 Te. V The BD core E >~ 2 Te. V D > 30 m 8 NON-INVASIVE MEAS. Synchrotron light emitted by accelerating particles Carries information about the beam itself!

MEASURE THE BEAM TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION INVASIVE MEAS. NON-INVASIVE MEAS. 29 m 9

MEASURE THE BEAM TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION NON-INVASIVE MEAS. SR Imaging Beam Size 1. 2 mm → 100 µm (450 Ge. V) → (7 Te. V) 8 T Bending Dipole Light 5 T Undulator BEAM D > 30 m 10 Splitting The Visible Light source is : The undulator 450 Ge. V <= E <~ 1 Te. V The BD rising Edge 1 Te. V <~ E <~ 2 Te. V The BD core E >~ 2 Te. V 2 Magnifying stages needed (object smaller that the diameter of human hair!) Extremely high speed accurate intensified gated camera From the SR light profile, the proton bunch transverse size is deduced

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MEASURE THE BEAM TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION INVASIVE MEAS. BSRT images during a machine development period 14 NON-INVASIVE MEAS.

MEASURE THE BEAM TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION NON-INVASIVE MEAS. SR Imaging Beam Size 1. 2 mm → 100 µm (450 Ge. V) → (7 Te. V) 8 T Bending Dipole Light 5 T Undulator 2 Magnifying stages needed (object smaller that the diameter of human hair!) BEAM SR Interferometry D > 30 m Splitting The Visible Light source is : The undulator 450 Ge. V <= E <~ 1 Te. V The BD rising Edge 1 Te. V <~ E <~ 2 Te. V The BD core E >~ 2 Te. V 15 Extremely high speed accurate intensified gated camera From the SR light profile, the proton bunch transverse size is deduced Double slits (variable slit width and spacing) From the interference fringes visibility the partial incoherence of the source is measured, and thus the bunch transverse size.

It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop. Confucius 16