Geomagnetic Storms Y Kamide Kyoto University Storms Low

Geomagnetic Storms Y. Kamide Kyoto University

Storms Low latitudes Inner magnetosphere Substorms High latitudes Magnetotail

Chapman [1961] A magnetic storm consists of sporadic and intermittent usually polar disturbances, lifetime being one or two hours. These I call polar substorms. Although substorms occur most often during magnetic storms, they appear also during quiet periods.

The beginning of solar-terrestrial physics: (1) The discovery of geomagnetic storms (later term) by Graham in 1724 (2) The discovery by Oersted in 1820 that electric currents produce magnetic forces (3) The law of Ampère’s force in 1821 (4) Electromagnetic induction by Faraday in 1831 which were to lead subsequently to Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism.

Who, and when, introduced the “geomagnetic storm” into the scientific community? Alexander von Humboldt (1769 -1859) used “magnetisches Ungewitter” (magnetic thunderstorms) to describe the variability of geomagnetic needles, which were associated with the occurrence of “light meteor, ” (auroras). He thought that magnetic disturbances and auroras are two manifestations of the same phenomenon. It was found that the storm-time disturbance generally reduces the daily mean value of the horizontal intensity. During the First Polar Year (1882 -1883), scientists defined “geomagnetic storms” as intense, irregular variabilities of geomagnetic field which occur as a consequence of solar disturbances.

Energy Balance Equation: d. E/dt = Q - L = Q - E/τ

Magnetospheric storm 　= (Magnetospheric substorm) i

Magnetospheric storm 　= (Magnetospheric substorm) i 　　　　　↓ Magnetospheric storm 　= αi (Magnetospheric substorm) i

Magnetospheric storm 　= (Magnetospheric substorm) i 　　　　　↓ Magnetospheric storm 　= αi (Magnetospheric substorm) i

Summary 1. A geomagnetic storm is identified by the development of the ring current in the magnetosphere, which is carried by energetic (10 − 200 ke. V) ions in L = 2 − 7. The growth and decay of geomagnetic storms can be monitored by the Dst index. 2. Studies of geomagnetic records with the help from solar and auroral observations were conducted in parallel with discoveries of the important laws of electromagnetism. 3. Most of the Dst variance during intense geomagnetic storms can be reproduced by knowledge about changes in largescale electric fields in the solar wind. A continuing controversy exists, however, as to whether the successive occurrence of substorms plays a direct role in the energization of storm-time ring current particles.

4. CMEs and CIRs are the primary sources leading to major geomagnetic storms. These are dominant near the maximum phase and during the declining phase of the solar cycle, respectively. 5. The increase in the ring current of about 50% of the largest geomagnetic storms goes through two steps at the main phase. 6. Not only the ring current but also the magnetotail current is the main sources to produce storm-time changes in Dst. 7. The abundance of ionosphere-origin ions is high and is correlated well with substorm activity during the main phase of geomagnetic storms.