GEOGRAPHY GEOSPHERES LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE SPATIAL APPROACH SPACE BIOSPHERE

GEOGRAPHY GEOSPHERES LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE SPATIAL APPROACH SPACE BIOSPHERE ECOLOGGICAL APPROACH SYSTEM ANTROPHO SPHERE ATMOSPHERE REGIONAL COMPLEX APPROACH REGION

• SPATIAL PATERN • SPATIAL STRUCTURE • SPATIAL PROCESS • SPATIAL ORGANIZATION • SPATIAL INTERACTION • SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND • SPATIAL ASSOCIATION WHAT WHERE TYPES CATEGORY HIERARCHY • MAN environment HUMAN ACT env. PHYSICAL (NAT. ) env. PHYSICAL (ART. ) env. WHEN WHY WHO GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS HOW

2 SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES SPATIAL PATTERN �A. POINT FEATURES … : . …. ………. . . ……. C . . . . B A ……. ……. . CLUSTERED: • A. High Density …. . . ……………. . . …. ……. . . . A : : . : . . …. . . . : . . B . . . RANDOM: . . . . …. …. . . . . B . . … …. . …… …. …. … … … . . …. …… …. . C A … . ……. . . SYSTEMATIC: CLUSTERED: • (REGULAR) A. LINIEAR B. SQUARE • B. Medium Density • C. Low Density C . . ……… ……. …… …. . . Source: Whynne – Hammand, C. (1985) Elements of Human Geography, London, George Allen & Unwin C. FAN D. OCTOPUS D

2 a SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES SPATIAL PATTERN � B. LINE FEATURES B . A C • B. Prallel Pattern • C. Radial c. f. Pattern • D. Rectangular Pattern B . C D • A. Dendritic Pattern . . A STREAM NETWORKS: . E A B D F TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS: • A. Chain Pattern • B. Travelling Salesman Pt. • C. Centre Oriented Pt. • D. Circuit Pattern • E. Branching Pattern • F. Branching Circulatory Pt. C STREET NETWORKS: A. Parallel Pattern B. Spider-Web Pattern C. Grid-Iron pattern D. Radial Pattern D

2 b SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES SPATIAL PATTERN � C. AREA FEATURES A 1 4 3 B 5 2 EXPLICIT: • 1. Triangle • 4. Trapezium • 2. Square • 5. Oval • 3. Fan/Crescent A C D IMPLICIT: • A. Trapezium of Triangles C. Rectangle of rectangles • B. Triangles of Squares B. Triangles of Various form

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES SPATIAL STRUCTURE � A. POINT FEATURES ………………………………………… A . . B . . . C. . B. LINE FEATURES A ……………………… …………………. . . ……………… …. . …………………. . . …………. . B . . . . D C . . . 3 D . A . . C. . . . B . . REGULAR: IRRREGULAR: • A. High Density • B. Medium Density • C. Low Density . B A REGULAR / CONCENTRIC DISTRIBUTION: IRREGULAR: • A. Spider - WEB • B. Grid-Iron • A. High Density • C. Branching-Irregular • B. Medium Density • D. Parallel • C. Low Density C. AREA FEATURES Xxxxx x REGULAR: ………………. . X x x ……………. xx ……. . …… 30% Xx x Vv Vvvvv ……… ……. X x ……. . Vvvvvv ……. X Vvvvvv ……. …… 45% …… X Vvvvv …… …… Xx x v ……. …… Xx x …. …. 25% Xx x x xxxx …………… Xx x X x xxx A C B IRREGULAR: A = 40% B = 45% C = 15% C

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES SPATIAL PROCESSES � A. POINT FEATURES T 1 . . . A 2 A 1. . Xxxxx B 1 Xxxxxxxx Vvvvvv C 1 vvvvvv T 2 B. LINE FEATURES T 2 T 1 ……………. ………… ……. vvvvvvv Vvvvvvv C 2 Vvvvvvv Xxxxxx vvvvvvv Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx B 2 Xxxxxxxxxxx 4 A 1 A 2 CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN: • A. Luasan tetap; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas tetap • A. Luasan bertambah; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas • B. Luasan bertambah; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas tetap bertambah • C. Luasan tetap; kuantitas tetap; kualitas bertambah T 1 ………. A ……… C. AREA FEATURES B Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx C Xxxxxxxxxxxx T 2 ……………. A ………………… Xxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx C xxxxxxxxx B CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN: A = Luasan bertambah B = Luasan tetap, berubah sebaran C = Luasan berkurang

IDENTIFIKASI PROSES KERUANGAN LUASAN DIMENSI FENOMENA GEOSFERA FENO MENA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 KUALITAS KUANTITAS

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES SAPTIAL ORGANIZATION (Hierarchic Perspective) [A] POINT – FEATURES . . . NON HIERARCHI OR CHAIN POINT SGT . . BRANCHING HIERARCHY . . DIRECT CONTROL 1 1 [B] LINE FETURE 1 3 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 3 GRAVELIUS’ STREAM ORDERS 3 HORTON’S STREAM ORDERS STRAHLER’S STREAM ORDERS 1

SPATIAL INTERACTION CONCEPTS A. STIMULI – RESPONSES CONCEPTS: a. Urban Based Stimuli Interaction b. Rural Based Stimuli Interaction B. PUSH – PULL CONCEPT: a. Betweentwo twospaces: one oneway wayinteraction a. A B Area of ORIGIN (Push Forces) Area of DESTINATION (Pull Forces) Exp: Urbanisation (The flow of people from the rural area to urban area) b. Between two spaces: two – way interaction Push Forces C Pull Forces C : Area of Origin D : Area of Destination D Push Forces C : Area of Destination D : Area of Origin 5 a. 1

2 2 2 4 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 6 1 1 3 B 1 3 2 6 6 4 3 2 12 6 1 2 18 SCHEIDEREGGER’S STREAM ORDERS 9 SHREVE’S STREAM ORDERS (C) AREA FEATURES: Centre: Rank I boundaries of nth ORDER (order 5) Centre: Rank 2 boundaries of n-1 ORDE (order 4) Centre: Rank 3 boundaries of n-2 ORDER (order 3) Centre: Rank 4 boundaries of n-3 ORDER (order 2) Centre: Rank 5 boundaries of n-4 ORDER (order 1) ORDER : is group or class of centers within a hierarchy. Exp. First order refers to the group of smallest centers RANK : Denotes the size of individual centers, in a system. First rank refers to the largest centers Source: Herbert and Thomas (1982). Urban Geography: A first Approach. N. Y: John Wiley and Sons

C. Within a Regional City a b c 5 a. 1 1: Core Area / CBD 2: Inner of the City 3: Urban – Rural fringe 4: Rural Area d 2 1 3 4 a Centripetal movement b c Centrifugal movement d a. Centripetal movement caused by centripetal forces. b. Centripetal forces comprise two forces, I. e: push forces (the outer parts) & pull forces (the inner parts) c. The outer sections: areas of Origin d. The inner parts: areas of destination a. Centrifugal movement caused by centrifugal forces. b. Centrifugal forces consist of two forces, I. e: push forces (the inner parts) & pull force (the outer parts) c. The inner parts: areas of Origin d. The outer parts: areas of destination

D. Within Inner Nodal System Model: 1 (trips) Formula: (Pop. of i) X (Pop. of j) Pi. Pj Tij = _________ = ____ distance between j&I d ij 1 d. u B 100 A 100 X 100 TAB = ______ = 10, 000 1 100 X 100 TBC = ______ = 5, 000 2 variable functions as a (imiting) Distance TAB : Controlling TBC = 2 : 1 Factors. 2 distance unit C 100 E. Within Inner Nodal System Model: 2 (trips) Pi. Pj B 100 1 d. u C 100 1 d. u 5 b. 1 A 200 Interaction A – B is stronger than B – C, twice Formula: (Pop. of i) X (Pop. of j) Tij = _________ = ____ d ij 200 X 100 distance between j&I TAB = ______ = 20, 000 1 100 X 100 TBC = ______ = 10, 000 Mass variable functions as a Controlling Factors. Interaction A – B is stronger than B – C, dou

F. Sphere of Influence (Law of Retail Gravitation) After: Reilly Formula: P 2000 5 b. 2 d DA-B = _________ 1 + PB PA A Distance B – C = 55 du Distance B - A = 80 du DA-B = The outermost limit of Influence Calculated from A PA = Total of Population A PB = Total of Population B d = distance between A - B P 500 C P 8000 B DA-B = 80_____ = 27 1 + 8000 2000 PB-A = 53 d. C-B = 11 d. B-C = 44

A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS VILLAGE (S) (Source of Stimuli) Demands for non Agric. Products Demands for Experts/ Skilled Labour appropsiate technology In agriculture, natural resources, Conservation, preservation, home Industries, etc) Demands for recreation Demands for Trans. Portation facilities ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION CITY (S) (Source of Responses) Manufactured goods/ products Development of new industries / Functional intensification & rehabilitation Experts in various field / skilled labour Development of Educational Institutions (formal/ informal) Theatres, restourant, cultural Centres, etc Horizontal Mobilities Of goods & people Development of Recreational facilities Development of trans. Portational structures & means of transportation

A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS lanjutan VILLAGE (S) (Source of Stimuli) Demands for Educational facilities Demands for more Sophisticated health Care, etc ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION The flow of studentas from the country sides Betterment of Villagers’ health CITY (S) (Source of Responses) Development of uni. Versities, colleges, High schools, Training courses Development of health services centre / drug store, etc

7 A MODEL OF URBAN – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS CITY(S) (Sources of Stimuli) Demands for Products Demands for labour Demands for land (residential, commercial, Industrial, transport, etc) ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION Agricultural Productions Migration speculation Urban sprawl The betterment of socio. Economic condition VILLAGE(S) (Sources of Responses) Development of specialtyagricultural production Part time farming / Labour concentra. Tion in certain season Land Selling & Buying Transactions Land Conversion New centres development

A MODEL OF URBAN – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS (lanjutan) CITY(S) (Source of Stimuli) Demands for buiding materials Demands for Recreation & Refreshment ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION VILLAGE(S) (Source of Responses) Building materials productions Sand/gravel/stone Extraction/ Excavation/ Bricks ind Recreational Activities, Exp: Fishing, Natural Resort, sports, etc Natural resort development / Traditional culture development (handicrafts)

7 a SPATIAL INTERACTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS NETWORK EFFECIENCY: a. Connectivity : is the relationship between the number of nodes & the number of links/unit area in a F G single network. H b. Density : the number of links/unit area (the total E network length divided by the area it covers) I I D c. Extent : diameter index (the number of links used in K B C crossing in network from one side to another J at its widest point) L A M d. Fineness : the degree to wich a network’s individual link’s have an effect upon areas through wich they pass Beta Index= Total number of links e. Rate of Flow : Varied between networks Total number of nodes f. Technological Konig number (u/ meneukur sentralitas) = maximum number of links from Characteristics : it reates largely to speed potentials each node to the other nodes g. Degree of Stress : varied between networks Shimbel number: Total number of h. Flexibility : varied between networks each row Example: BRANCHING CIRCULATORY NETWORK The lower the greater its centrality

a. 1 CONNECTIVITY MEASUREMENT the most common measure is BETA INDEX Notes: (1). The lower values of Konig Number, the greater its centrality (2). The greatter values of connectivity, the more advanced its economy (3). Beta Index: 1 = economic deviding line > 1 = advanced economies < 1 = backward economies (4). The lower values of Shimbel number the greatter its centrality A B C D E F G H I J K L M Konig Shimbel A 2 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 35 - B 2 - 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 35 C D 1 1 - 1 2 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 24 2 2 1 - 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 25 E F 3 3 2 1 - 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 30 4 4 3 2 1 - 2 3 3 4 5 5 41 G 4 4 3 2 1 2 - 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 29 H 5 5 4 3 2 3 1 - 2 3 4 4 4 5 40 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 3 24 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 - 1 1 1 4 23 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 - 2 2 5 34 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 - 2 5 34 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 2 - 5 34 I J K L M TABLE OF SHORTEST ROUTES BETWEEN PAIRS OF NODES (BY NUMBER OF LINKS) (Source: Whynne – Hammond, C. (1987). Elements of Human Geography. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 145 -146)

2 MATRIX DAN GRAPH CONNECTIVITY (2) To From 1 2 3 4 7 5 2 0 1 1 Exp: ada 5 titik dalam Transportation – network 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 5 1 1 0 1 2 1 8 6 1 3 9 10 5 3 5 ∑ route maximal = 5 X 5 cell = 25 cells ada titik yang berhubungan dengan dirinya (1 -1; 2 -2; 3 -3; 4 -4; 5 -5) tidak ada nilai route 0 ∑ route = (52_5) = 20 Untuk m titik: ∑ route maximum = (m 2 - m) Apakah ini ∑ route maximal yang diperlukan pada suatu wilayah dengan 5 titik (m titik ? ) NO. ada sejumlah “Redundent Routes” (Rute 1 -2=2 -1; 2 -3=3 -2; dst) Route riil = 1 dari dua rute parallel yang berimpit (1/2 nya) Jadi route maximal yang mungkin ada 1/2(52_5)=10 atau 1/2(m 2_ m) atau Rmax = 1/2(m 2_ m) Exp. Untuk wilayah dengan 50 titik (lokasi)= 1/2(502_50)=1. 225 4 4

DERAJAT KONEKTIVITAS Dicerminkan dalam index Konektivitas Diperoleh dengan membandingkan Rute Riil dengan Rute Max C. I = R. ex Rmax CI = Connectivity Index Rex = The exisiting routes Rmax = The maximumroutes Ada 4 kemungkinan: (a). Absolute non connectivity = 0 1/2(m 2_ m) (b). Minimum Connectivity = 0 = = (m-1) = 1 = 2 1/2(m 2_ m) (m_ m) ½(m) m (c). Intermediate Connectivity = = (Observed number of routes) ½ (m 2_ m) (d). Maximum Connectivity = 2_ = ½ (m m) = 1, 0 ½ (m 2_ m) Source: Abler, R; Adam. s, J. S; Gould, P (1971). Spatial Organization: The Geographer is View of The World. N. J: Prentice-Hall. Inc. pp 259 -260

SPATIAL ASSOCIATION . . . Phenomenon x. Phenomenon y . . . .

SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND X X XXX X X X X X X X X X X X X Phenomena in T 1 X Phenomena in T 2 The tendency of movement

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH Theme: 2 Theme: 1 V 8 V 2 V 6 v 2 v 8 V 3 MAN: Cipta, Rasa Karsa, karya V 7 v 1 Human activity: performance v 7 v 6 V 4 v 3 v 4 v 5 V 5 Theme: 4 Theme: 3 v 1 v 8 v 2 Physico natural: Quality v 7 v 3 v 4 v 6 v 5 v 2 v 6 Physico artificial: Quality v 5 v 6 v 3 v 4 v 5

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIES System Analysis Applied to A Farm (Exemple 2) Identification of the “working forces” Possible uses of land: Crops, livestock Human Elements: Cultural & Economic Historical Factors: -labour -capital -technology-supply -transport -demand -tradition -process -evaluation -perception Behavioral Elements Decision making process Innovation invesment POSITIVE FEEDBACK STABILIITY/ INCREASING Pattern of farming: -stock - fertilizer -organization - labour -feed -machinemy -seed -buildings Political - government policy -trading block limitations -strategic conside ration Chance Elements STAGNATION DEGRADATION STATISFACTORY Wealth INCOME UNSTATISFACTORY Physical Elements: Climate Relief Soils -Rain - rocks -water -Heat - rivers -nutrients - wells NEGAITIVE FEEDBACK UNSTABILIITY/ DECREASING POVERTY Source: Whyne-Hommand. C. , (1985) Elements 0 f Human Geography. London: Goerge Allen&Unwin. p. 79

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIES: Man’s Relationship With His Environment (Human Ecological Approach) CLIMATE ATMOSPHERE Deforestation, Industrial developments, Space exploration Borning of ffosil fuels, Cloud seeding, urban Growth, mining WEATHER Scientific improvement preparedness from meteorolo Gical forecasts, botanic discoveries Pollution, deselination Schemes, drainage, use of ice caps SURFACE WATER FLORA&FAUNA Reservoies, transport developments, agriculture TOPOGRAPHY Clearance of vegetation, Extinction of species, conservation Exploitation of Finite resources, Use of building materials Soil degradation, Erosion, terracing, fertilisation GEOLOGY SOIL

REGION TYPE CATEGORY Formal/Homogeneous/ Uniform -region The idea of homogeneity Functional / nodal / Heterogeneous - region The idea of heterogenity • Ruang • Single – topic region • Double topic region • Combined topic region • Multiple topic region • ad hoc region • Total region HIERARCHY • The 1 st order region • The 2 nd order region • The 3 rd order region • The 4 th order region • The nth order region Regional Complex Approach characterized by: • System • Inter related ABC environment elements • Spatial interaction : Wadah yag meliputi ruang daratan, lautan, udara sbg satu kesatuan wilayah, tempat manuasia & makhluk hidup lainnya hidup dan melakukan kegiatan serta memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya. • Kawasan : Wilayah dg fungsi utama lindung atau budidaya [wilayah yg mempunyia fungsi dan atau aspek / pengamatan fungsional tertentu] • Daerah : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi (general) • Areal : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi yang mengacu pada bentang luasan • Region (wilayah): Daerah tertentu di permukaan bumi yang mempunyia karakteristik ttt (can be distinguished from the mere areas)