Geography Geography Peninsula Apennine Mountains Broad fertile plains

Geography

Geography • • • Peninsula Apennine Mountains Broad fertile plains – Po River valley – The plain of Latium – Campania • Tiber River

Rome

Greeks & Etruscans § Greeks § est. colonies in Italy b/w 750 & 550 b. c. e § Introduced cultivation of grapes & olives § Greek Alphabet § Art, architecture, & literature § Etruscans § 650 b. c. e. expanded into N. C. Italy, eventually controlling Rome & most of Latium § Turned Rome Into a city § Romans adopted Etruscan dress & military organization

Greek Ampatheater

Roman Coliseum

Pantheon

Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of Rome Reign of Romulus 753 -716 BCE Numa Pompilius 715 -674 BCE Tullius Hostillius 673 -642 BCE Anchus Marcius 642 -617 BCE Lucius Tarquinian Priscus Servius Tullius 616 -579 BCE 578 -535 BCE Lucius Tarquinius 535 -510 BCE Superbus 509 BCE Roman Revolt Republic Established!

The Roman Republic § By 264 b. c. e. Romans had conquered nearly all of Italy § Republic- a form of govt in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote § Roman Republic § Consul § Praetor § Senate

Social classes • Patricians – wealthy landowners • Plebeians – merchants, craftspeople, small farmers • Both paid taxes, owed military service and could vote • Only Patricians could be elected to gov’t

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE § Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

Roman Law • 12 Tables – Civil law only applied to citizens • Law of Nations – Natural/universal law – Established standards of justice to all ppl.

Struggle of the Orders A. Plebeians resented social restrictions. B. By 471 b. c. e Plebeians gained more social equality. C. By 287 b. c. e All male Roman citizens were supposedly equal under the law. 1. Council of the Plebs 2. Tribune of Plebs 3. By 4 th century b. c. e marriage was allowed b/w orders

Carthaginian Empire

Punic Wars 264 -146 b. c. e A. A series of wars to control the Mediterranean area 1. Rome controlled Italy 2. Carthage- great Phoenician trading center- N. Coast of Africa

A. Rome defeated Carthage B. Rome controlled Mediterranean Area i. Carthage is destroyed, salt poured on fields ii. Shown as an example not to battle with Rome

The 2 nd Punic War A. Hannibal – Carthage General, Invaded Italy 1. Marched north crossing over the alps 2. Closest Rome came to losing the wars 3. Never made a decisive win

A. Scipio Africanus- Roman General 1. Invaded Carthage 2. Forced Hannibal to turn around and return to Carthage

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders § Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer § Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poorand homeless. • professional standing army.

How do you think the actions of Marius & Sulla influenced the future of Rome?

Republic Begins to Decline

I. Collapse of the Roman Republic 1. Wide gap b/w the rich and poor led to a period of civil war. 2. Generals recruited soldiers by promising them land I. Loyalty of ppl was only to commander, not to the Republic 3. New leader emerged to bring order back 1. Julius Caesar

II. 1 st Triumvirate 59 b. c. e Caesar (General), Pompey (General), & Crassus ($) A. Joined together to Run Rome, chose three to eliminate a tie decision B. Officially they had no real power, but the ppl followed the Triumvirate, not the senate.

III. Gallic Wars Rome vs. Gauls (barbarian Tribe) A. Caesar is the General of the Roman Army, winning many battles in Gaul (France) B. Crassus was killed in battle (Syria) A. now only two of the Triumvirates are alive. B. Pompey- gets senate’s support C. Told Caesar to return home w/o his army.

Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

IV. Caesar Defeats Pompey A. Caesar defeated Pompey in Italy, Greece, & finally Egypt B. Caesar made dictator 47 b. c. e A. Dictator for life in 44 b. c. e. C. Reforms A. Increased Senate B. Land reforms C. Granted citizenship to supporters

Caesar & Cleopatra A. Cleopatra – Ptolemy’s sister A. Caesar & Cleopatra become an item B. 48 b. c. e. Ptolemy is pulled from the throne by Caesar A. Cleopatra is put on the throne

Caesar becomes a threat A. Growing popularity and power B. Senate fears he will be king C. Caesar secretly makes a will 1. HE adopts his grandnephew. Octavius, making him heir D. March 15 th- Caesar is assassinated in the Senate 1. Lead by Cassius & Brutus

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate § Octavian Augustus § Caesar’s nephew § Marc Antony § Caesar’s Friend § Marcus Lepidus

nd 2 Triumvirate A. Antony marries Cleopatra 1. This makes Cleopatra & Antony entitled to Caesars’ heir, instead of Octavius B. Octaviuis defeats Cleopatra & Antony during Civil War C. Octavius renamed Augustus A. 1 st Emperor of Rome

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

The First Roman Dynasty

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Rise of Christianity

• Triumph of Christianity – Persecution – Constantine and the Peace of the Church – Outlawing of polytheism 394 c. e.

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3 c

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337

Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4 c-5 c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome § § § § Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch