Geography Chapter 7 Human Geography of Canada Developing

Geography Chapter 7 Human Geography of Canada Developing a Vast Wilderness Three major groups in Canada—the native peoples, the French, and the English—have melded into a diverse and economically strong nation. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Geography Chapter 7 Human Geography of Canada Developing a Vast Wilderness SECTION 1 History and Government of Canada SECTION 2 Economy and Culture of Canada SECTION 3 Subregions of Canada Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Section-1 History and Government of Canada • French and British settlement greatly influenced Canada’s political development. • Canada’s size and climate affected economic growth and population distribution. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Section-1 History and Government of Canada The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Early Peoples • After Ice Age, migrants cross Arctic land bridge from Asia − ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos); North American Indians to south • Vikings found Vinland (Newfoundland) about A. D. 1000; later abandon Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry {continued} Colonization by France and Britain • French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500– 1600 s as “New France” • British settlers colonize the Atlantic Coast • Coastal fisheries and inland fur trade important to both countries • Britain wins French and Indian War (1754– 1763); French settlers stay Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 1 Steps Toward Unity Establishing the Dominion of Canada • In 1791 Britain creates two political units called provinces − Upper Canada (later, Ontario): English-speaking, Protestant − Lower Canada (Quebec): French-speaking, Roman Catholic • Rupert’s Land a northern area owned by fur-trading company • Immigrants arrive, cities develop: Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto − railways, canals are built as explorers seek better fur-trading areas Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 Steps Toward Unity {continued} Establishing the Dominion of Canada • Political, ethnic disputes lead to Britain’s 1867 North America Act − creates Dominion of Canada as a loose confederation (political union) − Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick − self-governed part of British Empire • Expansion includes: − Rupert’s Land, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island − later: Yukon Territory, Alberta, Saskatchewan − Newfoundland in 1949 Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Continental Expansion and Development From the Atlantic to the Pacific • In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver • European immigrants arrive and Yukon gold brings fortune hunters − copper, zinc, silver also found; grow towns, railroads Urban and Industrial Growth • Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing − within 100 miles of U. S. border due to climate, land, transportation • Canada becomes major economic power in 20 th century Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Governing Canada The Parliamentary System • In 1931 Canada becomes independent, British monarch is symbolic head • Parliamentary government: − parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions − consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons − prime minister, head of government, is majority party leader • All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister) − federal government administers the territories Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Section-2 Economy and Culture of Canada • Canada is highly industrialized and urbanized, with one of the world’s most developed economies. • Canadians are a diverse people. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Section-2 Economy and Culture of Canada An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Early Fur Trade • Beginning in 1500 s Native Americans, now known as the First Nations: − begin trade with European fishermen along Atlantic coast • French and English trappers and traders expand westward • Voyageurs—French-Canadian boatmen transport pelts to trading posts Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 An Increasingly Diverse Economy {continued} Canada’s Primary Industries • Farming, logging, mining, fishing: 10% of gross domestic product − Canada is the world’s leading exporter of forest products • Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver are exported • Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most of catch is exported Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 2 An Increasingly Diverse Economy {continued} The Manufacturing Sector • 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing, create 1/5 of GDP − make cars, steel, appliances, equipment (high-tech, mining) − centered in heartland, from Quebec City, Quebec, to Windsor, Ontario Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 An Increasingly Diverse Economy {continued} Service Industries Drive the Economy • Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP − finance, utilities, trade, transportation, communication, insurance − land’s natural beauty makes tourism the fastest growing service • Heavy trade with U. S. : same language, open border (world’s longest) − 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U. S. , Mexico − 85% of Canadian exports go to U. S. − 75% of Canada’s imports come from U. S. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions • Mixing of French and native peoples created métis culture • Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec • English Protestants and French Catholics dominate, but often clash − increasing numbers of Muslims, Jews, other groups Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 A Land of Many Cultures {continued} Canada’s Population • Densest in port cities (Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver) and farmlands • Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U. S. border) • Urbanization: in 1900 33% of people lived in cities, today it’s 80% • Various ethnic groups cluster in certain areas − 75% of French Canadians live in Quebec − many native peoples live on reserves—public land set aside for them − most Inuits live in the remote Arctic north − many Canadians of Asian ancestry live on West Coast Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 2 Life in Canada Today Employment and Education • Relatively high standard of living, well-educated population • Labor force is 55% men, 45% women − 75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing • Oldest university, Laval, established in Quebec by French • English universities founded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick in 1780 s • Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 Life in Canada Today {continued} Sports and Recreation • Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting − Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U. S. leagues − native peoples developed lacrosse, European settlers developed hockey • Annual festivals include Quebec Winter Carnival, Calgary Stampede Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 2 Life in Canada Today {continued} The Arts • Earliest literature from oral traditions of First Nations peoples • Later writings from settlers, missionaries, explorers • Early visual arts seen in Inuit carving, West Coast totem poles • Early 1900 s painting: unique style of Toronto’s Group of Seven • Shakespeare honored at Ontario’s world-famous Stratford Festival Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Section-3 Subregions of Canada • Canada is divided into four subregions: the Atlantic, Core, and Prairie Provinces, and the Pacific Province and the Territories. • Each subregion possesses unique natural resources, landforms, economic activities, and cultural life. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Section-3 Subregions of Canada The Atlantic Provinces Harsh Lands and Small Populations • Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: − Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland • Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to rugged terrain, harsh weather • Most people live in coastal cities such as: − Halifax, Nova Scotia − St. John, New Brunswick • 85% of Nova Scotia is rocky hills, poor soil • 90% of New Brunswick is forested • Newfoundland has severe storms Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 The Atlantic Provinces {continued} Economic Activities • New Brunswick’s largest industry: logging (lumber, wood pulp, paper) • Gulf of St. Lawrence, coastal waters supply seafood for export • Nova Scotia: logging, fishing, shipbuilding, trade through Halifax • Newfoundland: fishing, mining, logging, hydro-electric power − supplies power to Quebec, parts of northeastern U. S. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 3 The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario The Heartland of Canada • Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built fort in 1608 • 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec − Ontario has largest population; Quebec has largest land area Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario {continued} Canada’s Political and Economic Center • Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital • Quebec has great political importance in French-Canadian life • Core: 35% of Canada’s crops, 45% of minerals, 70% of manufacturing • Toronto the largest city, finance hub; Montreal second largest city Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 The Prairie Provinces Canada’s Breadbasket • Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta • 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output − Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90% of Canada’s natural gas Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 The Prairie Provinces {continued} A Cultural Mix • Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Poles • Saskatchewan’s population includes Asian immigrants, métis • Alberta’s diversity includes Indian, Japanese, Lebanese, Vietnamese Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 3 The Pacific Province and the Territories British Columbia • British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains − 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, snowfields, glaciers • Most people live in southwest; major cities are Victoria, Vancouver • Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power − Vancouver is Canada’s largest port, has prosperous shipping trade Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next

Geography Chapter 7 The Pacific Province and the Territories {continued} The Territories • The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land • Sparsely populated due to rugged land severe climate − Yukon has population of 30, 000; mostly wilderness − Northwest Territories has population of 41, 000; extends into Arctic − Nunavut was created from Northwest Territories in 1999; home to Inuit • Territories’ economies include mining, fishing, some logging Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next

Geography Chapter 7 Print Slide Show 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft Power. Point If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the Power. Point presentation Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company