Geographical indications Jacques Gautier Institut National de lOrigine

Geographical indications Jacques Gautier Institut National de l’Origine et de la qualité INAO

French GI : AOC, IGP, Label Rouge n n n A GI is the name of a region or locality and designates a product which originates in that region or locality. The GI, linked as it is to traditional practices, enjoys a high reputation. A GI cannot be created – it can only be recognised. It confirms the value of products which already exist.

Some general figures by sector n l Wines and spirits « AOC » 470 AOC - 80 000 producers – 15. 6 € B/ year Other « AOC » products 23 AOC - 9500 producers – 0. 15 € B/ year n Dairy products « AOC » 45 AOC - 28 000 producers - 2 € B/ year « IGP » products 67 IGP - 25 000 producers – 1 € B/ year l

The INAO, a state agency n n n Under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture Budget (78% State, 22% professionals) A particular and specific agency

INAO, an organization associating professionals n n 4 National committees, and a Standing committee , mainly composed of professionals (producers, traders, …) and representatives of different ministries (agriculture, economy …. ) Inquiry commissions

Executive departments of the INAO § Headquater in Paris § 26 regional offices (Bigest = Bordeaux’ office)

What are the tasks of INAO? < < < Defining the geographical area of production Defining the product specifications Determining a system of control of the products until 2008 Contributing to the protection of GI’S Promoting the concept of GIs

n n n TRIPS Agreement – 1994 (WTO) “Indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a member, or a region or locality in that territory where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin”

n The recognition of a geographical indication depends on the application by a group of producers and leads to the definition of specifications that producers must comply with in order to be entitled to the use of the geographical name.

Procedure of recognition of an AOC Collective application I. N. A. O. Services National Committee Nomination of an Inquiry Commission Composed of members of the National Committee, professionals Report on the application Definition of the rules of production Procedure of definition of the geographical area Wording of the decree of recognition Transmission of the decree to the Ministries for signature Publication in the « Journal Officiel » European registration

BOUNDARY DEFINITION PROCEDURE Under the authority of the national commitee Commission of Enquiry General principles Commission of experts Definition Criteria n Geographical area and zone drafts Public Enquiry Processing of Claims by producers n n Final Area approuved by the National Committee

Product specification n n n the name of the product a description of the product and principal physical, chemical, microbiological and/or organoleptic characteristics evidence that the agricultural product or the foodstuff originates in the geographical area a description of the method of obtaining and, if appropriate, the authentic and unvarying local methods/ packaging in the limited geographical area the details bearing out the link with the geographical environment or the geographical origin inspection structures provided

Situation of the I. N. A. O. Ministry of Finances n Patents, trademarks INPI Ministry of Agriculture n Geographical indications INAO

Protection: The Actors n n n INAO Unions of producers, traders Ministries, local departments Ambassies European institutions

Objectives of protection n n To encourage a fair competition between producers To help the consumers, giving them information on the specific characteristics of the products To protect GIs against usurpations and imitations To protect a national and economical heritage: terroirs, know-how, products

Protection by national regulations n n n Protection of geographical areas Protection of specifications : consumer protection office Protection of names

Protection by national regulations n Protection of names Protection of specifications : consumer protection office n Criminal proceedings : non-respect of specification n (fine and prison sentence) Civil proceedings : misuse of the name/relations with trademarks (invalidity or revocation) A large protection of the GI’s : è for a similar product : forbidden è for a different kind of product : excluded if risk of weakening or altering the notoriety of the appellation : n Relation with previous trademarks : a case by case examination depending on the good faith and misleading

non-respect of specifications n Criminal Proceedings n Specific offences (rural code) • Anyone who has either affixed or displayed, by means of any addition, excision, or alteration whatsoever, on natural or manufactured products intended for sale, of appellations d’origine that said person knows to be inaccurate will be punishable with the penalties. • Anyone who may have used a display method leading to believe, or of a nature likely to lead to believe, that a product has an appellation d'origine contrôleé will be punishable with the same penalties. n General offences (consummer code) • deceived or attempted to deceive the contractor … either in respect of … the nature, species, origin, material qualities, composition or content in terms of useful principles of any merchandise

n n Fine -37500 €- and prison sentence – 2 years The court may, on the other hand, order the posting of the judgement in all the places designated by it and its publication, in its entirety, or in extracts, in the journals listed by said court, all at the expense of the convicted person.

Protection of geographical areas n The attempts : quarry, classified installations, urban development, great plans n The reason of protection : the “terroir” preservation n The solution : the consultation of INAO

The protection of Gis’ name in the European Community n n A wide protection of names : misuse, usurpation, false or misleading indication Protection of GIs in relation with trademarks

European Protection Wines and spirits § R (CE) 1493/99, 17 th of march 1999 Ø Ø § Agricultural products and foodstuffs R (CE) 510/2006, 20 th of march 2006 VQPRD (= AOC+VDQS) Table wine with geographical indication (=vins de pays) R (CE) 110/2008, 15 th of January 2008 Ø Spirits with GI PDO PGI

Rules of protection of PDO and PGI n n direct or indirect commercial use misuse, imitation or evocation (even in translation or accompanied by expressions such as « type » or « style » false or misleading indication any other practice liable to mislead the public as to the true origin of the product ART. 13 R 510/2006

n Civil proceedings (INAO) : misuse of the name/relations with trademarks (invalidity or revocation) n Civil code Art. 1382 Any act whatever of man, which causes damage to another, obliges the one by whose fault it occurred, to compensate it.

Conflicts between trademarks and PDO/PGI A large protection of the GI’s : èfor a similar product : forbidden (usurpation) èfor a different kind of product : excluded if risk of weakening or altering the notoriety of the appellation Relation with previous trademarks : a case by case examination depending on the good faith A protection of trademarks reputation and renown

Customs actions n n Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003 of 22 July 2003 applies to geographical indications as intellectual property rights suspend the release of the goods or detain them for a period of three working days from the moment of receipt of the notification by the right -holder

Others proceedings n n Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (art 722 -1 et s Intellectual Property Code) Procedure to get and preserve evidence Corrective measures shall include: recall from the channels of commerce; definitive removal from the channels of commerce or destruction. appropriate damages to the actual prejudice suffered by the rigth holders

The protection in the world n n Multilateral Conventions : protection of intellectual property rights : Convention of Paris, Arrangement of Madrid, Arrangement of Lisbon, TRIPs Agreement Bilateral conventions : objective = « TRIPS + »

Infrigments on Gis’names n Counterfeiting by similar products n Unfair competitions acts

Some examples Usurpation/unfair competition

What is at stake in the WTO n n To implement a multilateral system of notification and registration in order to facilitate the protection of Gis for wines and spirits (implementation of the TRIPS agreement) To extend the protection of wines and spirits to other kind of products

Protection in third countries n n n Multilateral Conventions on intellectual property rights Mainely Lisbonne agreement (1958) Accord TRIPS (1994) Bilateral agreements • Between EU and third country National regulations • Specific rules related to Gis (even through registration) • Unfair competition law • Consummers’ Protection law • Rules of labelling or trademark law (deceptivivity)

The action of INAO regarding the international protection n An alert network : 30 lawyers all around the world, embassies and professionals, monitoring of trademarks’ registers About 500 pending cases A budget foreign lawyers of 250 000 € (2007)

THANK YOU j. gautier@inao. gouv. fr