Genetics Test Review Chapter 11 Match the Scientists

Genetics Test Review Chapter 11

Match the Scientists • 1. Mendel • 2. Morgan • 3. Sturtevant • A. recombination helps make map B. alleles segregate C. some genes linked

Match the Scientists • 1. Mendel B. alleles segregate • 2. Morgan C. genes linked 3. Sturtevant • A. recombination helps make map

4. What is fertilization? • Process of sexual reproduction • Joining egg + sperm • Joining egg and pollen

What is true-breeding and hybrid? • 5. True-breeding = E. offspring are identical to parents • 6. Hybrid = D. offspring are of parents of different traits

7. Genes are____: • F. the location on a chromosome for a trait

PUNNETT PRACTICE • p. 3 Dihybrid Cross • What are the parental genotypes? • Heterozygous running, heterozygous black mouse • Homozygous running, homozygous black mouse

PUNNETT PRACTICE • p. 3 Dihybrid Cross • What are the parental genotypes? • Heterozygous running, heterozygous black mouse Rr. Bb • Homozygous running, homozygous black mouse RRBB

PUNNETT PRACTICE • Dihybrid Cross • How many boxes to you need for a dihybrid cross? • ANSWER: • 16

PUNNETT PRACTICE • Show you would place the parental alleles on each side of the Punnett Squares:

RB RB RB Rb r. B rb

NOW FILL IN THE BOXES AND • WHAT IS THE PHENOTYPIC RATIO?

100% running black RB RB RB Rb r. B rb RRBB RRBb Rr. BB Rr. Bb

8. Gametes are: • • A. body cells B. sex cells C. somatic cells D. skin cells • ANSWER: sex cells B

9. The likelihood that a particular event will occur is: • • A. hybrid B. offspring C. probability D. recombination • ANSWER: C probability

10. The wild type is… • A. dominant trait • B. recessive trait • C. most common trait • ANSWER: C

11. homologous • D. male + corresponding female set of chromosomes

GO TO PUNNETT PRACTICE • On your dry erase board. • Do #4 on page 2. • Cross two plants that are heterozygous for green pods.

#4 Answer Genotypic ratio: GG: Gg: gg 1: 2: 1 Phenotypic ratio: Green: yellow 3: 1 G g G GG Gg gg

12. Haploid and 13. Diploid • 13. C. one set of chromosomes N in humans 23 14. B. two sets of homologous chromosomes 2 N in humans 46

14. What is a tetrad? • A. 4 homologous chromosomes

MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAITS IN CHICKENS • Question #1: On the cross pictured, what must be the genotypes of the two parents for the outcome to always be a buttercup offspring? • ANSWER: • rr. PP X RRpp

Did you set it up right? RP RP Rp r. P rp

9: 3: 3: 1 RP Rp r. P rp RRPP RRPp Rr. PP Rr. Pp RRpp Rr. Pp Rrpp Rr. PP Rr. Pp rr. PP rr. Pp Rrpp rr. Pp rrpp

15. Crossing-over • F. homologous chromosomes exchange segments

16. What is a chiasma? • • • A. when 4 chromosomes come together B. when a cell divides into 4 cells C. when a cell splits D. making poopie E. is the point of crossing over of the two inner homologous chromosomes • ANSWER: E

17. Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis • Mitosis: • • • starts with 2 N parent Daughter cells are 2 N Daughter cells identical Makes somatic cells Ends with 2 cells 1 division

17. Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis • Meiosis: • • • starts with 2 N parent Daughter cells are N Daughter cells different Makes sex cells Ends with 4 cells 2 divisions

18. If you had a tall plant, how can you tell if it is TT or Tt? • Cross it with tt • (a test cross) T t t T T t t t

18. If you had a tall plant, how can you tell if it is TT or Tt? T • Cross it with tt t T Tt Tt tt

19. Spongebob Ss. Yy marries and mates Spongebetty ss. Yy Y=yellow y=blue S=square s=round

19. Spongebob Ss. Yy marries and mates Spongebetty ss. Yy Y=yellow y=blue S=square s=round

19. Ss. Yy X ss. Yy SY Sy s. Y sy Ss. YY Ss. Yy ss. YY ss. Yy sy Ss. Yy Ssyy ss. Yy ssyy Ss. YY Ss. Yy ss. YY ss. Yy Ssyy ss. Yy ssyy s. Y sy

19. Ss. Yy X ss. Yy SY Sy s. Y sy Ss. YY Ss. Yy ss. YY ss. Yy sy Ss. Yy Ssyy ss. Yy ssyy Ss. YY Ss. Yy ss. YY ss. Yy Ssyy ss. Yy ssyy s. Y sy

6 square yellow 2 square blue SY Sy 6 round yellow 2 round blue s. Y sy Ss. YY Ss. Yy ss. YY ss. Yy sy Ss. Yy Ssyy ss. Yy ssyy Ss. YY Ss. Yy ss. YY ss. Yy Ssyy ss. Yy ssyy s. Y sy

20. Flower Parts

EXTRA: Male Flower Parts? • Stamen pistil stigma anther • ANSWER: stamen anther

21. Hetero or Homo zygous • _____HH _____hh _____Hh • ANSWER: • Homozygous Heterozygous • HH hh Hh

EXTRA: Recessive? • T t H h • ANSWER: t h

EXTRA: Dominant? • T t H h • ANSWER: T H

CHECK YOUR SKILLS: Go to Punnett Practice #7 • Genotypic Ratio? • Phenotypic Ratio?

Nn x nn • N n n Nn n nn Genotypic: Nn: nn 2 : 2 Nn nn Phenotypic Smooth; const. 2 : 2

CHECK YOUR SKILLS: Bb. Ff x bbff • How many boxes do you need? 16 • How do you separate each parent? BF Bf b. F bf • bf bf

BF bf Bf b. F bf Bb. Ff Bbff bb. Ff bbff Bb. Ff bf Bbff bb. Ff bbff Bb. Ff Bbff bb. Ff bbff bf bf

• Genotypic Ratio • Bb. Ff : Bbff : bb. Ff : bbff • 4 4 • Phenotypic Ratio • Black fat : black thin : white fat : white thin • 4 4

CHECK YOUR SKILLS: RR x RW incomplete dominance • R R W R

CHECK YOUR ANSWER: RR x RW incomplete dominance • R R W RR RW R RR RW Genotypic RR : RW 2 2 Phenotypic Red : Pink 2 2

#22 • Black rooster and white chicken form black and white spotted chicks • ANSWER: codominance

#23 • The color of the skin is determined by six different locations on genes • ANSWER: polygenic trait

#24 • A red flower is crossed with a white flower to make pink offspring. • ANSWER: incomplete dominance

#25 • TT x WW = TW offspring • ANSWER: codominance

#26 • Eye color alternatives include blue, brown, green, black • ANSWER: multiple alleles

#27 • A black rabbit crossed with a white rabbit produced a gray rabbit • ANSWER: incomplete dominance

#29 • ANSWER: The higher the crossover frequency, the farther apart are the genes.

#28 • The greater the number of recombination frequencies (crossovers), then the _____ the genes are to each other. • ANSWER: farther apart

#29 • Red, hair freckles, and fair skin seem to be inherited together. They must be on _____ genes. • ANSWER: linked

#30 • The location on a chromosome is referred to as the: • ANSWER: locus gene

Back of chicken worksheet: • Do questions #1 and #2

• Incomplete dominance = the offspring show trait in-between the two dominant traits (like black and white have gray offspring) • Codominance = both dominant traits will appear like black and white will have spotted black-white offspring

• Genotype for black chickens BB • Genotype for white chickens WW • Genotype for erminette BW

#31 • What is the difference between a trait and an allele? • TRAIT: general description EX; eye color, height ALLELE: alternative choices EX: blue and green, and tall-short

A-B = 29% B-C=11% B-D=4% A-D = 21 % ADD: A-C =18% C-D = 3% What is the order of these genes? • ANSWER: A C D B

32. Names of the phases in meiosis:

32. Names of the phases in meiosis: Anaphase I Metaphase I Prophase II Anaphase II Metaphase II Telophase II Prophase I Telophase I

#33 Structures of Prophase I

Go to Back and do “Polygenic Inheritance” Worksheet • Human Skin Shades • Mulatto denotes a person with one white parent and one black parent, or more broadly, a person of mixed black and white ancestry. May also include Native American and other backgrounds.

KNOW YOUR MATCHING • Numbers of descriptions of offspring • phenotypic ratio • Numbers of letters of offspring , TT, Tt, tt • genotypic ratio • Trait that is expressed even if other trait is present • dominant

32. MATCHING (cont. ) • Trait that is only expressed if the dominant trait is not present • recessive • Alternative choices of a trait • alleles

32. MATCHING (cont) • General description of a gene • trait • Plant’s pollen fertilizes the same plant • self-pollination • Plant’s pollen fertilizes a different plant • cross-pollination

Can You Identify? locus

Compare egg and sperm: • Egg forms one large egg and three smaller polar bodies • Sperm form all the same size and shape

What is the purpose of the Punnett Square? • • A. show the exact offspring B. show only dominant offspring C. predict the probability from a cross D. predict who will win the sperm lotto • ANSWER: C

Independent Assortment and Crossing Over • Independent Assortment randomly segregates the alleles. • Crossing-over breaks and reattaches chromosomes to make new gene arrangements. • BOTH INCREASE DIVERSITY

ESSAYS? • • Punnett Squares Monohybrid Cross Codominant or Incomplete Dominant Dihybrid Cross Be able to write a genotypic and phenotypic ratio.