Genetics of microorganisms Variation of the main characters

Genetics of microorganisms. Variation of the main characters of microorganisms. Biotechnology. Genetic engineering.

Genetics is the study of heredity and variation of microorganisms. BACTERIAL GENETIC MATERIAL Gene. l Chromosome l

Extra chromosomal genetic elements 1. 2. 3. Plasmids Transposons IS – elements (inserted sequences)

Classification of plasmids Transmissible (conjugating) plasmids 2. Nontransmissible (nonconjugating) plasmids 1. Independent replicons 2. Episomes 1. R-factor F-factor Ent-factor Col-plasmid

Variations of microorganisms l l Nonhereditary variations Hereditary variations Genotype Phenotype

Phenotypic variations Dissociation R-form S-form

BACTERIAL MUTATION Point mutation Gene mutations Genome mutations

Classification of mutations Spontaneous mutations Induced mutations a. Chemical mutagens b. Physical mutagens Lethal mutation Conditional lethal mutation

Variation caused by mutation 1. a) b) c) d) e) f) Changed biological properties of the germ Pathogenicity. Attenuated bacterial strains are used to vaccine creation Resistance to radiation Resistance to antibiotics Variation in nutrition requirements. Variation in enzymatic activity Changed antigenic structure and others

Genetic recombination l Transformation l Transduction l Conjugation.

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

Applications of the molecular genetics Molecular genetics is concerned with the analysis and manipulation of DNA using biochemical and microbiological technique Applications of the molecular genetics: l Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology l Synthesis of the specific DNA probes for hybridization test with DNA from collected material (molecular genetics diagnostic test is named southern blot technique) l Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) l Genetic mapping and others

Genetic engineering

Biotechnology It is an industrial exploitation of a recombinant strain Medicines obtained from producer strains of bacteria and yeasts l Human insulin: Humulin, l Human growth hormone: Humatrope, Protropin l Human interferons: Roferon, Intron

Medicines and diagnostic preparations l l l Tissue plasminogen activator can dissolve blood clots at the site of their formation. Interleukin-2 promotes activation and multiplication of leucocytes and enhances the host’s ability to resist infection. Vitamins of group B, vitamin C Recombinant vaccines for prophylaxis of hepatitis B, malaria l Recombivax HB, Engerix-B: hepatitis B vaccine l Hlb. Titer: haemophilus B conjugate vaccine Virus antigens for diagnostic kits