Genetics Mutations quiz Which is worse and why

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Genetics

Genetics

Mutations quiz Which is worse and why? 1. 2. 3. 4. Germ or somatic

Mutations quiz Which is worse and why? 1. 2. 3. 4. Germ or somatic mutation Gene or chromosome mutation Point or frame shift Duplication or translocation 5. An error in which phase would cause nondisjunction?

Mendel studied pea plants - 7 pairs of traits: 1. Height –Tall, short 2.

Mendel studied pea plants - 7 pairs of traits: 1. Height –Tall, short 2. Seed shape – Round, wrinkled 3. Seed color – Yellow, green 4. Flower position – Axial, terminal 5. Pod color - Green, yellow 6. Flower color – Purple, white 7. Pod shape – Inflated, constricted

Mendel’s Laws of Genetics 1. Traits are controlled by factors (genes) that occur in

Mendel’s Laws of Genetics 1. Traits are controlled by factors (genes) that occur in pairs

2. Principle of dominance and recessiveness – the dominant gene will be expressed ,

2. Principle of dominance and recessiveness – the dominant gene will be expressed , it will cover the recessive gene T = tall (dominant) t = short (recessive) TT = tall (pure dominant) tt = short (pure recessive) Tt = tall (hybrid)

3. Law of segregation – genes are separated during the formation of gametes (homologous

3. Law of segregation – genes are separated during the formation of gametes (homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis, gametes are haploid) 4. Law of independent assortment – many traits are inherited independent of other traits (they are on different chromosomes)

Vocabulary: P 1 = parent generation f 1 = first generation of offspring f

Vocabulary: P 1 = parent generation f 1 = first generation of offspring f 2 = second generation of offspring Genotype= actual genes TT = homozygous dominant tt = homozygous recessive Tt = hybrid, heterozygous

Phenotype = appearance (tall, short, etc. ) Allele = genes for the same trait,

Phenotype = appearance (tall, short, etc. ) Allele = genes for the same trait, T and t are alleles for the trait of height Punnett Square – chart used to predict the traits of offspring

Punnett square problems have 4 parts: P 1 statement Punnett square Genotype Phenotype

Punnett square problems have 4 parts: P 1 statement Punnett square Genotype Phenotype

Ex: P 1 = Aa x Aa Dad is written first, his alleles go

Ex: P 1 = Aa x Aa Dad is written first, his alleles go on the side of the Punnett square Mom is written next, her alleles go on the top of the Punnett square f 1 genotype 1 dominant 2 hybrid 1 recessive f 1 phenotype 3 axial 1 terminal

Two factor crosses - follow the same rules but you compare 2 traits at

Two factor crosses - follow the same rules but you compare 2 traits at the same time Ex: P 1 = Rr. Tt x Rr. Tt • Dad is written first and on the side. • Mom is written next and on the top. • Use foil to determine the alleles: (first, outer, inner, last) RT, Rt, r. T, rt

Ex: P 1 = Rr. Tt x Rr. Tt • Follow dad’s pattern. Whichever

Ex: P 1 = Rr. Tt x Rr. Tt • Follow dad’s pattern. Whichever letter is first for dad is first for the entire problem. • The first genotype word describes the first pair of alleles, the next word describes the second pair.

Ex: P 1 = Rr. Tt x Rr. Tt F 1 genotype 1 dominant,

Ex: P 1 = Rr. Tt x Rr. Tt F 1 genotype 1 dominant, dominant 2 dominant, hybrid 2 hybrid, dominant 4 hybrid, hybrid 1 dominant, recessive 2 hybrid, recessive 1 recessive, dominant 2 recessive, hybrid 1 recessive, recessive F 1 phenotype 9 Round, Tall 3 Round, short 3 wrinkled, Tall 1 wrinkled, short

P 1 = Aa x Aa P 1 = Rr. Tt x Rr. Tt

P 1 = Aa x Aa P 1 = Rr. Tt x Rr. Tt Monohybrid cross: Both parents are hybrid for one trait Dihybrid cross: Both parents are hybrid for both traits Genotype ratio = 1: 2: 1 Phenotype ratio = 3: 1 Phenotype ratio = 9: 3: 3: 1

MUTATION SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS INDUCED MUTATIONS MUTATIONS Mutations areMUTATION SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS INDUCED MUTATIONS MUTATIONS Mutations are
Mutations Mutations overview Smallscale mutations Missense mutations NonsenseMutations Mutations overview Smallscale mutations Missense mutations Nonsense
Mutations Mutations Types of Mutations Point Mutations occursMutations Mutations Types of Mutations Point Mutations occurs
GENETIC MUTATIONS Exploring point mutations and chromosomal mutationsGENETIC MUTATIONS Exploring point mutations and chromosomal mutations
Mutations and Genetic Engineering Mutations Types of mutationsMutations and Genetic Engineering Mutations Types of mutations
Mutations 1 Base Mutations 2 Chromosomal Mutations WhatMutations 1 Base Mutations 2 Chromosomal Mutations What
Mutations AP Biology Mutations n Point mutations singleMutations AP Biology Mutations n Point mutations single
Mutations 1 Base Mutations 2 Chromosomal Mutations WhatMutations 1 Base Mutations 2 Chromosomal Mutations What
Mutations Mutations Hollywoods images of mutation Mutations ActualMutations Mutations Hollywoods images of mutation Mutations Actual
Mutations in DNA Mutations Mutations changes in theMutations in DNA Mutations Mutations changes in the
Types of mutations Point mutations Conditional mutations PointTypes of mutations Point mutations Conditional mutations Point
MUTATIONS Mutations Changes to DNA are called mutationsMUTATIONS Mutations Changes to DNA are called mutations
MUTATIONS WHAT ARE MUTATIONS KEY CONCEPT Mutations areMUTATIONS WHAT ARE MUTATIONS KEY CONCEPT Mutations are
Mutations Hollywoods images of mutation Mutations Actual MutationsMutations Hollywoods images of mutation Mutations Actual Mutations
NOTES 13 3 MUTATIONS 1 MUTATIONS MUTATIONS changesNOTES 13 3 MUTATIONS 1 MUTATIONS MUTATIONS changes