Genetics Mitosis Makes body cells Daughter cells are
Genetics
Mitosis • Makes body cells • Daughter cells are identical to parent cells • Asexual
Meiosis • Makes sex cells ( gametes, sperm/ egg) • Daughter cells are different from parent cells • Sexual
Steps of Cell Cycle • • • Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Interphase • Cell grows, DNA doubles
Prophase • DNA condenses into chromosomes
Metaphase • DNA in Middle of cell
Anaphase • DNA moves apart toward opposite ends of the cell
Telophase • Two Nuclei
Cytokinesis • Cell Splits, dividing into 2 cells
Crossing Over • Gives variation in sexually reproducing species
DNA • Double stranded • Made of nucleotides
DNA • Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base
DNA • The nitrogen bases are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine • A pairs with T • C pairs with G
DNA Replication • When 1 piece becomes 2
RNA • Single stranded • The base Uracil replaces Thymine • A pairs with U • C pairs with G
3 kinds- m. RNA, r. RNA, t. RNA • m. RNA- is the message • r. RNA-Reads the message • t. RNA- takes the amino acid to the growing protein chain
Transcription • DNA makes m. RNA • Happens in the nucleus
Translation • RNA makes the Protein • Happens at the ribosome • All 3 types of RNA help
Mutation • A random change in the base (letters)
DNA Technology
Amniocentesis • Takes fluid from pregnant mom, karyotype performed on skin cells taken from fluid
Karyotype • Picture of the chromosomes of the baby, can tell if baby has certain problems based on chromosome number and location
Down Syndrome • Caused by trisomy (3 chromosomes) at #21
Gel Electrophoresis • DNA fingerprint, band pattern, crime and paternity
Transgenic Organisms • Organism with DNA from 2 different species • Example grapples, human insulin bacteria
Cloning • Making identical genetic copies of an organism • Dolly
Punnett Squares
Trait • Characteristic • Eye color, hair color
Allele • Options • Brown, blue, green. Hazel eye color
Dominant • Trait the shows
Recessive • Trait that hides, unless you get it from both parents
Homozygous/Pure • Both traits the same • TT or tt
Heterozygous/Hybrid • Both traits are different • Tt
Phenotype • Physical appearance • Tall, Blue AA Aa aa
Genotypes • Types of genes • Homozygous recessive (rr) GG – Homozygous Dominant Gg – Heterozygous gg – Homozygous Recessive
Evolution • • • Charles Darwin Overproduction of offspring Variation Competition Survival of the Fittest
Evidences of Evolution • Fossils • Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy • Homologous Structures- same structure, different function. • Ex. Human arm, whale flipper, bird wind
Comparative Anatomy • Analogous Structures – Different structure, same function • Ex. Bird wing, butterfly wing
Comparative Anatomy • Vestigial Structure- organ no longer used, gets smaller • Ex. Human appendix and tailbone
Evidences of Evolution • Embryology-Comparing embryos of different species • Biochemistry- comparing DNA sequences
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