Genetics Mendell 1142020 Objectives SWBAT explain the importance

Genetics: Mendell: 11/4/2020 Objectives: SWBAT explain the importance of Gregor Mendell’s work by examining its relevance to modern day genetics through completing Punnet Squares. Drill: 1. How many chromosomes does a person with Down’s Syndrome have?

Key Vocabulary • Fill in the vocabulary on the back of your drill sheet.

Key Vocabulary • Genetics: the study of heredity • Homozygous: 2 of the same alleles • Heterozygous: 2 different alleles • Allele: 1 of 2 forms of a gene • Genotype: the genetic characteristics • Phenotype: the physical characteristics

Key Vocabulary • Dominant: the trait that will be shown if present • Recessive: a trait that will only be seen if no dominant traits are present. • Probability: The chance something will happen

Gregor Mendell • Read over the introductory paragraph about Gregor Mendell. • Define the vocabulary words. • Complete the Steps of Mendell’s experiments worksheet as a class. • Let’s look at how we can use repeat and use Mendell’s experiments.

Genetics & The Work of Mendel 2006 -2007

Gregor Mendel • Modern genetics began in the mid 1800 s in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented inheritance in peas – used experimental method – used quantitative analysis • collected data & counted them – excellent example of scientific method

• He studied at the University of Vienna from 1851 to 1853 where he was influenced by a physicist who encouraged experimentation and the application of mathematics to science and a botanist who aroused Mendel’s interest in the causes of variation in plants. After the university, Mendel taught at the Brunn Modern School and lived in the local monastery.

• The monks at this monastery had a long tradition of interest in the breeding of plants, including peas. Around 1857, Mendel began breeding garden peas to study inheritance.

Mendel’s work Pollen transferred from white flower to stigma of purple flower • Bred pea plants P – cross-pollinate true breeding parents (P) • P = parental – raised seed & then observed traits (F 1) • F = filial – allowed offspring to self-pollinate & observed next generation (F 2) anthers removed all purple flowers result F 1 self-pollinate F 2

Mendel collected data for 7 pea traits

P Looking closer at Mendel’s work true-breeding F 1 generation (hybrids) purple-flower peas X white-flower peas 100% purple-flower peas self-pollinate F 2 generation 75% purple-flower peas Where did the white flowers go? 100% White flowers came back! �� 25% white-flower peas 3: 1

What did Mendel’s findings mean? • Traits come in alternative versions – purple vs. white flower color – alleles • different alleles vary in the sequence of nucleotides at the specific locus of a gene – some difference in sequence of A, T, C, G purple-flower allele & white-flower allele are two DNA variations at flower-color locus different versions of gene at same location on homologous chromosomes

Traits are inherited as discrete units • For each characteristic, an organism inherits 2 alleles, 1 from each parent – diploid organism • inherits 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent • homologous chromosomes • like having 2 editions of encyclopedia – Encyclopedia Britannica – Encyclopedia Americana What are the advantages of being diploid?

• What did Mendel’s findings mean? Some traits mask others speak for – purple & white flower colors are separate. I’lltraits both of us! that do not blend • purple x white ≠ light purple • purple masked white – dominant allele • functional protein • masks other alleles wild type allele producing functional protein mutant allele producing malfunctioning protein – recessive allele • allele makes a malfunctioning protein homologous chromosomes

Genotype vs. phenotype • Difference between how an organism “looks” & its genetics – phenotype • description of an organism’s trait • the “physical” – genotype • description of an organism’s genetic makeup X P Explain Mendel’s results using …dominant & recessive …phenotype & genotype purple F 1 all purple white

Making crosses • Can represent alleles as letters – flower color alleles P or p – true-breeding purple-flower peas PP – true-breeding white-flower peas pp PP x pp X P purple F 1 all purple white Pp

Looking closer at Mendel’s work P true-breeding purple-flower peas true-breeding X white-flower peas PP pp 100% purple-flower peas F 1 generation (hybrids) Pp Pp Pp phenotype genotype 100% Pp self-pollinate F 2 generation 75% purple-flower peas ? ? ? �� 25% white-flower peas ? 3: 1

Aaaaah, phenotype & genotype can have different ratios Punnett squares Pp x Pp F 1 generation (hybrids) % genotype male / sperm P p PP female / eggs Pp P PP Pp pp % phenotype 25% 75% 50% Pp pp 25% 1: 2: 1 25% 3: 1

Genotypes • Homozygous = same alleles = PP, pp • Heterozygous = different alleles = Pp homozygous dominant heterozygous homozygous recessive

Phenotype vs. genotype • 2 organisms can have the same phenotype but have different genotypes purple PP homozygous dominant purple Pp heterozygous How do you determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype? Can’t tell by lookin’ at ya!

The Steps • P generation: Parental generation (pure) • F 1: First Filial generation (1=first) • F 2: Second Filial generation (2=second)

Gregor Mendell • Genetics: The study of inheritance • Dominant: the strongest gene • Recessive: only appears when the dominant is not present • Probability: is the chance something will happen (the chance of a certain trait)

Repeating and Interpreting • Pure purple (WW): homozygous dominant • Pure white (ww): homozygous recessive

Punnet Square W (purple) w white Ww Ww W (purple) Ww Ww

Repeating and Interpreting • All of the F 1 (children) are heterozygous for the gene for flower color

Blue=phenotype W W w Purple=75% WW WW=25% w Red=Genotype Ww Ww=50% white=25% ww ww=25%

Tongue Curling Warm -Up Review Punnett Squares by completing this worksheet individually. QUESTIONS, please raise your hand.

Genotypic ratio: WW=25% (1/4) Ww=50% (2/4) ww=25% 1/4 Phenotypic ratio: Purple=75% (3/4) white = 25% (1/4)

1. 3, 1, 4, 2 2. Alleles for the parents 3. Genotypes (alleles) for offspring

Objectives: SWBAT demonstrate an understanding of DNA by successfully completing the DNA Mega-Quiz SWBAT explain the importance of Gregor Mendell’s work by examining its relevance to modern day genetics. Drill: 1. Is this homozygous or heterozygous? Aa 2. If “A” stands for straight hair and “a” stands for curly hair, what kind of hair will the person have?

Aa Drill: 1. Is this homozygous or heterozygous? heterozygous 2. If “A” stands for straight hair and “a” stands for curly hair, what kind of hair will the person have? Straight

Key Vocabulary • Homozygous: 2 of the same alleles AA or aa • Heterozygous: 2 different alleles Aa

Homework & Quiz Dates • Homework #5: W 2/28 Homework #6: M 3/5 Homework #7: F 3/9 Quiz #3: Th 3/1 Quiz #4: Th 3/8

Punnett Squares II • Let’s walk through these two problems together. • Questions, you will now try these in your Punnett Squares Scenarios packet.

Punnett Squares Scenarios • Work with a partner to answer these questions. • Raise your hand if you get stuck.

Critical Reading a. To show the probability of the offspring b. Both parents have two different alleles (Bb) c. Both parents are Bb and B is dominant- so both are black.

Critical Reading d. BB & bb e. 1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb (25%BB: 50%Bb: 25%bb) f. B 3: b 1 (Black: 3 brown: 1) 2. Shows the physical characteristics 3. d. Phenotypic ratio

Curling your tongue warm-up C C Can curl their tongue c c Cc Cc

Curling your tongue warm-up C C Can curl their tongue c c Cc Cc

Curling your tongue warm-up R R r r Rr Rr

Punnett Squares Scenarios A person who studies how traits are passed on is studying genetics. Long rod shaped bodies inside a cell’s nucleus are called chromosomes. Chromosomes have parts that determine traits. These parts are genes.

Punnett Squares Scenarios An organism having two genes that are alike is said to be pure, however if the organism has one dominant and one recessive gene for a trait, it is called heterozygous. The gene that is dominant prevents the other gene from showing. One method for showing which genes can combine when an egg and sperm join is a Punnett square.

Punnett Squares Scenarios M e dd F Nn i AA g KK L oo Ff ll W Cc tt B z. Z ss Pu E R SS p

Punnett Squares Scenarios He: Heterozygous Ho-D: Homozygous Dominant Ho-r: Homozygous Recessive Genotypic Ratio: (the letters) DD: 0/4 Dd: 2/4 dd: 2/4 (Ho-D) (He) (Ho-r)

Punnett Squares Scenarios He: Heterozygous Ho-D: Homozygous Dominant Ho-r: Homozygous Recessive Phenotypic Ratio: (what it looks like) DD & Dd=Dimples dd=no dimples 50%

Punnett Squares Scenarios Genotype Phenotype Homozygous AA Dominant dominate trait Heterozygous Aa Homozygous aa Recessive recessive trait

1. Give an example of a homozygous recessive genotype with Q 2. Give an example of a heterozygous genotype with Q. 3. Cross 2 Heterozygous for the letter R (round ears) (r=pointy) 4. What is the genotypic ratio for #3? 5. What is the phenotypic ratio for #3?

Genetics: Punnett Squares: 11/4/2020 Objectives: SWBAT explain the importance of genetics by examining its relevance to inheritance through completing Punnett Squares. Drill: 1. Is this homozygous or heterozygous? 2. If this person mates with a person with “Bb” what percent of their children will be heterozygous? BB

BB: Homozygous Bb: Heterozygous B B b B BB BB Bb Bb

Key Vocabulary • Probability: The chance something will happen • Dominant: the trait that will be shown if present • Recessive: a trait that will only be seen if no dominant traits are present.

Homework & Quiz Dates • Homework #5: W 2/28 Homework #6: M 3/5 Homework #7: F 3/9 Quiz #3: Th 3/1 Quiz #4: Th 3/8

Punnett Squares R R r r RR Rr Rr r r

Punnett Squares Scenarios He: Heterozygous Ho-D: Homozygous Dominant Ho-r: Homozygous Recessive Genotypic Ratio: (the letters) DD: 0/4 Dd: 2/4 dd: 2/4 (Ho-D) (He) (Ho-r)

Punnett Squares Scenarios He: Heterozygous Ho-D: Homozygous Dominant Ho-r: Homozygous Recessive Phenotypic Ratio: (what it looks like) DD & Dd=Dimples dd=no dimples 50%

Punnett Squares Scenarios Genotype Phenotype Homozygous AA Dominant (Ho-D) dominate trait Heterozygous Aa (He) Homozygous aa Recessive (Ho-R) recessive trait

Punnett Squares II • Let’s walk through these two problems together. • Questions, you will now try these in your Punnett Squares Scenarios packet.

Punnett Squares Scenarios • Work with a partner to answer these questions. • Raise your hand if you get stuck.

Curling your tongue warm-up R R r r Rr Rr

Punnett Squares Scenarios He: Heterozygous Ho-D: Homozygous Dominant Ho-r: Homozygous Recessive Genotypic Ratio: (the letters) DD: 0/4 Dd: 2/4 dd: 2/4 (Ho-D) (He) (Ho-r)

Punnett Squares Scenarios He: Heterozygous Ho-D: Homozygous Dominant Ho-r: Homozygous Recessive Phenotypic Ratio: (what it looks like) DD & Dd=Dimples dd=no dimples 50%

Punnett Squares Scenarios Genotype Phenotype Homozygous AA Dominant dominate trait Heterozygous Aa Homozygous aa Recessive recessive trait

Punnett Squares Scenarios • Work with a partner to answer these questions. • Let’s go over the answers together.

Human Inheritance Lab • Work with a partner to answer these questions. • Questions? ? • You will finish this for homework.

Genetics: Blood Types: 11/4/2020 Objectives: SWBAT explain the differences in blood types. Drill: Using R for flower color, with red being dominant and white being recessive, Cross 2 heterozygous and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

Key Vocabulary • Multiple alleles – having more than 2 alleles for a trait • Antigen- a marker protein • Antibody- something that hunts down and destroys foreign things in your body

Notes: Blood Types

Blood Types A. Blood types are controlled by Multiple Alleles ______ a trait that is controlled by 3 or more alleles of the same gene. 2 allelesfor a gene ( 1 B. Every person has ______ from the mother, 1 from the father) A IB IO (i. O) I C. The alleles for blood are __ __ __

Blood Types codominant (both and are ______ expressed at the same time) O O recessive E. I (i ) is _____. D. A I B I

Blood Types F. The genotypes and phenotypes for blood are: Genotypes Phenotypes I AI A IAIO B B I I IB IO I AIB I OIO (i. O) Type A Blood Type B Blood Type AB Blood Type O Blood

Blood Transfusions A. Blood types are determined by the protein markers on the Red Blood Cells _________(RBC). Antigens are the marker proteins (ex. B. _____ Type A blood has protein markers on their RBC called A antigen) These antigens act like nametags, calling out what kind of blood they are.

Blood Transfusions Blood Type Antigen Present A A antigen ______ B B antigen ______ AB A & B antigens ______ NO Antigens O ____________

Blood Transfusions C. Your body will naturally fight off foreign things in your blood stream. It will produce antibodies to hunt down and destroy foreign cells. These Antibodies detect foreign cells by reading ________________ what kind of antigen the cells have. _______________. (ex. A person who has type ____ A blood will B antigens. produce antibodies to fight against ___ B antibodies. ) These antibodies are called ___

Blood Transfusions Blood Type Antigen Antibody A A B ________ B B A ________ AB A&B none ________ O none A & B ________ These can affect blood transfusions.

Blood Can Type Donate To Receive From A, AB A, O A _______ B, AB B, O B _______ AB A, B, O, AB AB _______ A, B, O, AB O O _______ antigens trigger the _______ antibody D. The _____ response and thus determine compatibility of blood.

Practice Problems 1. Mrs. Oswald has type O blood. Her husband also has type O blood. Is it possible for them to have a child with type A blood? Show your work. (Hint: Make a punnett square)

Practice Problems 2. There was a mix up in the nursery at the hospital. The nurses need to determine which babies belong to which parents. One of the babies has type O blood. Which of the below parents could be the parents of this baby? Mr. & Mrs. Ward Mr. & Mrs. Knight Mr. & Mrs. Cooper AB & O A&B O&A

Practice Problems 3. Use the following chart to answer the question: Name Blood Type Joe O Janie A Kiana A Caleb AB Ashley O Eddie A Joe has an accident and needs blood. Which person can donate to him?

Alternative Patterns of Inheritance You will complete Parts I and III with your group at that station and I will be at station II. • Read over the objective, materials, and background information as a class. • Read over the directions. • Read the information and answer the corresponding questions.

Genetics: Pedigrees: 11/4/2020 Objectives: SWBAT graphically show the patterns of inheritance in a family by preparing and analyzing Pedigree charts. Drill: 1. What is the word that describes a woman who has an allele for a disease and a normal allele? (She can pass the diseased allele to her kids. ) 2. Draw your genealogy (family tree) as far back as you can

Key Vocabulary • Generation: All of the offspring that are at the same stage of descent from a common ancestor • Pedigree: A line of ancestors; a lineage; a family tree.

Genetics Unit • Quiz Tomorrow on types of Dominance (Complete, Incomplete, Co-Dominance, Sex-Linked) • Homework #7 Tomorrow • Exam: Wednesday 3/14

Punnett Squares Quiz • OPEN NOTE • Have out a paper to cover your answers and a pen/pencil.

Pedigree Notes • Turn to the notes section of your daily learning log. • We will have three slides of notes today.

What is a pedigree? • A graphical way to show traits are passed from generation to generation. • Uses circles for women and squares for men.

How do I read a pedigree? • Pedigrees always have keys that accompany them. • People who are affected by the trait in question are usually colored in and people who are not affected by the trait are not shaded in. • If someone is a carrier, they are half way shaded in.

How are Relationships Shown on Pedigrees? • Parents are connected by a line. • Children are branched out below Parents from that line. Children

Cystic Fibrosis Worksheet • Follow along as we read the introduction together.

Pedigree Problems • Complete the pedigree problems worksheet with a partner. • We will go over this as a class when everyone is done.

Pedigree Group Problems • Get into your assigned group. • On a piece of loose-leaf paper, draw out a rough draft of your pedigree problem. • Raise your hand when you are complete and I will check it over. • Once your rough draft has been checked, you may draw your pedigree on the large paper. Be creative!!

Pedigree Individual Problems • Work on this worksheet individually.

In butterflies, having smooth wings (B) is dominant to bumpy wings (b). ~Bob and Betty have smooth wings. They have 3 children. Bill and Boris have smooth wings, and Barb has bumpy wings. ~Bill marries Brenda, a smooth-winged butterfly, and they have a bumpy-winged son named Bo. ~Barb marries Brad, a smooth-winged butterfly, and they have 2 smooth-winged children, Brian and Beth.