GENETICS Lab Biology Chapter 9 Honors Biology Chapter

GENETICS Lab Biology- Chapter 9 Honors Biology- Chapter 12 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=XLCq. Fo 03 Qpo&feature=relate d

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS � Modified genome of an organism � Takes DNA from multiple sources and combine them to form a new genome � DNA from same species � DNA from different species- Transgenic organisms

GOLDEN RICE � Insertion of genes to produce a precursor of vitamin A (beta -carotene) � Helps areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A White rice Golden rice

DANGERS OF GMO’S � Unexpected allergies � Introduction of new genes to a population � Creation of invasive species

HONORS- GENE EXPRESSION- EUKARYOTES � Gene expression- activation of a gene that results in the formation of a protein � Chromosome coiling � Euchromatin- uncoiled form � Heterochromatin- condensed form

HONORS- TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS � Transcription � Proteins factors that regulate transcription � Enhancer- noncoding sequence that helps activate transcription

GENETICS � Study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring � Gene- unit of heredity found of a DNA molecule � Encodes for a trait

CHROMOSOMES OCCUR IN PAIRS GENES OCCUR IN PAIRS

ALLELE � Allele- symbols (letters) used to represent genes Potential alternate forms � Ex. T=tall, t= short �

DOMINANT Trait expressed � Capital letter � � � T=tall, B= purple Masks another trait RECESSIVE Trait that may not be expressed � Lowercase letter � t= short, b=white � Only expressed when there is no dominant trait present �

HOMOZYGOUS/PURE � Both alleles are the same � Examples: � TT � � � tt bb CC HETEROZYGOUS/ HYBRID � Alleles differ � Examples: � Tt � Bb � Cc

GENOTYPE � Genetic make up �Examples: �homozygous, heterozygous, GG, Bb, Qq PHENOTYPE � Physical appearance � Examples: � Tall, short, blue, wrinkled

CROSS � Symbolic of reproduction � _____x ______ �P Generation= Parental generation � F 1= first generation

PUNNET SQUARE � Diagram used to predict the phenotype and genotype of offspring http: //www. mhhe. com/biosci/gen bio/virtual_labs/BL_05. ht ml Does not work on i. Pads http: //www. changbioscience. com/genetics/punnett. html

REMEMBER! � Genetic recombination � Scrambling � Occurs of genes in meiosis during prophase 1 � Can alter probability of genotype and phenotype ratios