Genetics Jeopardy Mendelian Genetics 2 Non Mendelian Genetics

Genetics Jeopardy Mendelian Genetics #2 Non Mendelian Genetics Crosses (Problems) Q $100 Q $100 Q $200 Q $200 Q $300 Q $300 Q $400 Q $400 Q $500 Q $500 Mendelian Genetics #1 Grab Bag Final Jeopardy

$100 Question from Mendelian Genetics #1 Who is Mendel? What did Mendel conclude? For Answer click return

$100 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #1 “Father of Genetics”; worked with pea plants cut stamens (anther/filaments) and added pollen to stigma; Determined that alleles are dominant or recessive and are inherited

$200 Question from Mendelian Genetics #1 What is an allele? What is it made of? Where is it found? For Answer click return

$200 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #1 An allele is an alternative form of a gene. Allele is a section of DNA. There is a promoter before each allele. Alleles are found on chromosomes.

$300 Question from Mendelian Genetics #1 What is the different between genotype and phenotype? How are they connected? For Answer click return

$300 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #1 • Genotype is the combination of 2 alleles put together (1 from mom; 1 from Dad) • Phenotype is the physical outcome of the genotype (a trait) • Genotype leads to/determines • phenotype

$400 Question from Mendelian Genetics #1 What is the difference between a monohybrid and dihybrid cross? What are the phenotype ratios when you cross 2 heterozygotes in a: a)Monohybrid cross b)Dihybrid cross For Answer click return

$400 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #1 Monohybrid cross looks at the possibility of inheriting a single gene. Dihybrid cross looks at the possibility of inheriting 2 genes at the same time. Hh x Hh ¾ Dominant ¼ recessive (3: 1) Hh. Tt x Hh. Tt 9/16 dominant, dominant (9: 3: 3: 1) 3/16 dominant, recessive 3/16 recessive, dominant 1/16 recessive, recessive

$500 Question from Mendelian Genetics #1 How are the following words connected? Genotype, phenotype, DNA, m. RNA, protein, transcription, translation, mutation, dominant, recessive, allele, homologous chromosome For Answer click return

$500 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #1 • DNA m. RNA (transcription) protein (translation) • Protein trait phenotype • Chunks of DNA are alleles, which can be dominant or recessive (depending on the DNA sequence) • 2 alleles give you the genotype • Each allele is located on a homologue /autosome of a homologous chromosome pair • Genotype determines phenotype • If you change DNA (mutation), you change genotype, you might change phenotype

$100 Question from Mendelian Genetics #2 What is the difference between a heterozygous and homozygous genotype? For Answer click return

$100 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #2 Heterozygous individuals have 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele Homozygous individuals have 2 identical alleles (either 2 dominant or 2 recessive)

$200 Question from Mendelian Genetics #2 Ms. Gaynor conducts an experiment on fruit flies. She looks at long wings vs short wings. Short wings are recessive. She crosses a 2 heterozygous flies and observes 305 long wing flies and 95 short wing flies. She conducts a Chi Square test to see if her data is reliable. What is her degrees of freedom? For Answer click return

$200 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #2 She has 2 phenotype groups/categories so her degrees of freedom are: 2 -1= 1 1 degree of freedom

$300 Question from Mendelian Genetics #2 What is a Punnett Square? How are they used? Why are they used? For Answer click return

$300 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #2 A set of boxes, which distributes the gametes of each parent and show the EXPECTED ratios of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring. You can also develop your null hypothesis from Punnett square info

$400 Question from Mendelian Genetics #2 What are Mendel’s 2 laws? Name and explain each! For Answer click return

$400 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #2 Law of Segregation • Each gamete will get 1 allele PER gene during meiosis • states that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed. Law of Independent Assortment • Chromosomes (w/ alleles) will move separately and randomly from each other • states that 2 or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another during gamete formation. Genes are not linked!

$500 Question from Mendelian Genetics #2 In a certain plant, 2 n=4. Green flowers (G) are dominant to purple. Plant height is controlled by a gene on a different chromosome where short (D) is dominant to tall. Individuals of the parental (P) generation with the genotypes GGDD and ggdd were crossed to produce F 1 progeny. For Draw the normal products of meiosis that Answer this F 1 offspring can make. click return

$500 Answer from Mendelian Genetics #2 = chomosome #1 = chomosome #2 Gamete G g D G D Use F. O. I. L g d d

$100 Question from Non- Mendelian Genetics What does it mean when genes are “linked”? What can you say about the inheritance of linked genes? For Answer click return

$100 Answer from Non- Mendelian Genetics The genes are on the same chromosome. Linked genes are USUALLY inherited together unless they are FAR APART on the same chromosome then they can be separate by crossing over

$200 Question from Non- Mendelian Genetics What is the difference between complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance? Give an REAL life example of each For Answer click return

$200 Answer from Non- Mendelian Genetics Complete Dominance • When the heterozygote and the homozygous dominant individuals look the same (Ex: Mendel’s Pea Plants-flower color, height, seed color, etc ) Incomplete Dominance • When the heterozygote looks like a mix btw the recessive & dominant individuals (Ex: snapdragon flowers, human hair texture) Codominance • When the heterozygote looks like BOTH the recessive & dominant individuals (Ex: roan animals/cattle, AB blood type, tortoise shell cats)

$300 Question from Non- Mendelian Genetics What is the different between polygenic inheritance and multiple allele inheritance? Give an example of each (OTHER than skin color) For Answer click return

$300 Answer from Non- Mendelian Genetics Polygenic Inheritance • 2+ (more than 1 gene) results in 1 phenotype (Ex: fingerprint ridge count (TRC), human height, IQ, weight, eye color) Multiple alleles • 3+ alleles are used to make 1 phenotypes (Ex: human ABO blood groups, human hair color)

$400 Question from Non- Mendelian Genetics a) What is a sex linked gene? b) Why do males tend to acquire more sex linked traits than females? c) What are 3 sex linked recessive HUMAN traits? For Answer click return

$400 Answer from Non- Mendelian Genetics A sex linked gene is located on the X or Y chromosome (usually the X b/c it is bigger & more active) Males only have 1 X chromosome; females have 2 X’s so females will need 2 mutated forms of the sex linked gene to show the sex link trait while males only need one. Females can be carriers! Ex: Hemophila, Colorblindness, Male Baldness, Musular dystrophy

$500 Question from Non. Mendelian Genetics A) What does “multifactorial inheritance” mean? B) Fingerprints are an example of this inheritance pattern. If a male has the genotype Aa. BBcc. Dd. Ee, how many ridge producing (active) alleles does he have? c) Why are fingerprints an example of multifactorial inheritance? For Answer click return

$500 Answer from Non- Mendelian Genetics a) An inheritance pattern in which the phenotype is determined by genes and the environment b) He has 5 ridge producing alleles. b) Ridge Count= follow polygenic inheritance Patterns = environmental factors effect/cause them (Ex: blood pressure, timing/growth rate, fetus position, nutrition)

$100 Question from Crosses (Problems) What are all the DIFFERENT gametes that can be formed from the following parents? Aa. Bb x AABb For Answer click return

$100 Answer from Crosses (Problems) AB Ab a. B ab

$200 Question from Crosses (Problems) Black fur is dominant to white and long tails are dominant to short in mice. What are the phenotype ratios if a male mouse that is heterozygous for both traits mates with a female mouse, who is black with a long tail? The female mouse’s mother is white with a short tail. (assume complete dominance) For Answer click return

$200 Answer from Crosses (Problems) 9/16 Black and long tail 3/16 Black and short tail 3/16 white and long tail 1/16 white and short tail

$300 Question from Crosses (Problems) What is the possibility that you will get the genotype Aabb. CCDdeeff from a cross between AABb. CCDd. Ee. Ff x Aabb. CCDd. Ee. Ff (assume Complete dominance) For Answer click return

$300 Answer from Crosses (Problems) AABb. CCDd. Ee. Ff x Aabb. CCDd. Ee. Ff ½ x 1 x ½ x¼ x ¼ Aa bb CC Dd ee ff = 1/ 128 chance

$400 Question from Crosses (Problems) A heterozygous right handed male, who is colorblind marries a woman, who is left handed and can see color. Her father, however, is color blind. Right hand is dominant a) What is the probability that their child will be right handed and colorblind? b) What chance do they have of producing a color blind son? For Answer click return

$400 Answer from Crosses (Problems) Rr. Xb. Y mates with rr. XXb a)Right hand AND colorblind? = ½ x ½ = ¼ or 25% chance b) 25%

$500 Question from Crosses (Problems) Brittney has blue eyes and blood type o. Brittney is married to Mike, who has brown eyes and blood type AB. Mike’s mother has the same color eyes as his wife. 1. ) What are the chances that they will have a son, who has blue eyes and blood type A? 2. ) What is this son’s genotype? For Answer click return

$500 Answer from Crosses (Problems) a) ½ son x ½ = 1/8 blue eyes type A b) XYbb. IAi = son’s genotype

$100 Question from Grab Bag What kind of cattle would you have to cross in order to produce the MOST amount of ROAN animals? For Answer click return

$100 Answer from Grab Bag Homozygous dominant red male cow (RR) x Homozygous dominant white female cow (rr)

$200 Question from Grab Bag a) Skin color follow what kind of inheritance pattern? b) WHY do people near the equator have darker skin than people further away? For Answer click return

$200 Answer from Grab Bag a) Polygenetics b) If you live further from the equator, the sun (UV radiation) is not as strong so it is more advantageous to be appear lighter so you can get Vitamin D. Dark pigment helps protect against DNA damage from sun (UV rays)

$300 Question from Grab Bag Two true-breeding Smurfs are crossed. One parent has blue skin and freckles and the other has white skin and no freckles; all F 1 individuals have blue skin and freckles. If 1, 000 F 2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to look like the first parent (blue skin and freckles)? Assume complete dominance For Answer click return

$300 Answer from Grab Bag Blue skin and Freckles= 9/16 chance Since 9/16 is equal to 56. 25% There would be ~563 out of 1000 Smurfs will be blue with freckles (0. 5625 x 1000 = ~563)

$400 Question from Grab Bag A man, who is blood type O-, marries a women, who is AB+. The woman’s mother is A-. They has 1 son. What is the possible phenotypes of their child? For Answer click return

$400 Answer from Grab Bag Man ii. R-R½ IA i ½ I bi x Woman IA IB R + R ½ R -R ½ R +R - Possible phenotypes are: 25% chance blood type A+ 25% chance blood type B+

$500 Question from Grab Bag A colorblind woman marries a man. He is not colorblind. They have 2 statistically probable kids. 1. ) What are the genotypes of the parents AND kids? 2. ) If they have another child what is the chance that they will have a daughter who is able to have colorblind children herself? For Answer click return

$500 Answer from Grab Bag Mom = Xb. Xb Dad = XBY 1 son= Xb. Y and 1 daughters = XBXb ½ x ½ = ¼ or 25%

Final Jeopardy Ms. Day conducts an experiment on fruit flies. She looks at long wings vs short wings. Short wings are recessive. She crosses a true breed long wing fly with a short winged fly. She collects 305 long wing flies and 95 short wing flies in her F 2 progeny. She conducts a Chi Square test to see if her data is significant. What is her Chi Square Value? Is her null accepted or rejected? Is her data significant? For Answer click return

Final Jeopardy Answer F 1: Ll x Ll 3 Long wings: 1 Short wings Chi Square value = x 2= 0. 083 + 0. 25 = 0. 333; Accept null; NOT significant