Genetics Gregor Mendel l l Father of genetics

Genetics

Gregor Mendel l l Father of genetics Figured out mathematical formula to find inheritable patterns.

The Fugates l l l French immigrant, Martin Fugate, moved to Kentucky in 1820 Married Elizabeth Smith and settled in the banks of Troublesome Creek They had 8 children, 4 were blue.

The Fugates l l From 1820 to 1930 s, the family lived in relative isolation and marrying their relatives and/or other families close by, which included the Smiths, Combs, Ritchie, and Stacy. “Kissing cousins”

The Fugates l It was not until 1962 when Luke Comb brought his ailing wife to the University of Kentucky Medical Center in Lexington that allowed doctors to research this odd disorder.

The Pedigree Chart

Terms Set-up Term Complementary Term Acquired- Inherited- Autosomal- Sex-linked- Homozygous- Heterozygous- Dominant- Recessive- Genotype- Phenotype- Gene- Allele- Codominance- Incomplete- Monohybrid Dihybrid Chromosome Karyotype Meiosis Gamete

Terms l l l Acquired vs Inherited traits Acquired cannot inherit. Example: knowledge, calluses on fingers, larger muscles from exercising. Inherited is passed on through generations. However, the physical characteristic can skip generations. Example: hair color, stripes, eye color.

Terms l l l Autosomal vs Sexlinked Autosomal chromosome 1 -22 Sex-linked - involving sex chromosome (#23) 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans 22 are automsomal, 1 is sex Karyotype

Examples l Sex-linked diseases: hair loss l Autosomal: Down syndrome

More terms… l l Gene - molecular unit of heredity in a living organism. Allele - 1 of 2 form of genes

More terms… l l l Heterozygous vs Homozygous Heterozygous - receiving different alleles from parents (example: Bb) Homozygous - receiving same alleles from parents (example: BB or bb)

More terms… l l l Dominant vs recessive Dominant - a genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of that gene (example: BB or Bb) Recessive - the recessive form is overpowered by its counterpart, or dominant, form located on the other of a pair of chromosomes (example: bb)

More terms… l l l Genotype vs Phenotype Genotype - genetic makeup Phenotype - observable traits

l l l Codominance vs incomplete dominance Codominance - both alleles show up in phenotype. i. e. blood. A, B, AB, O Incomplete - two different phenotypes produce a third phenotype

Genes and alleles l B(dominant), b(recessive) - these are alleles Gene types l BB = normal (both dominants) l Bb = normal phenotype (recessive carrier) l bb = blue (both recessive)

The Family Tree/Pedigree Chart 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 10 Your challenge is to determine the genotypes of each individual on the family tree. If B stands for the normal gene and b for the "blue" gene, BB and Bb are normal and bb is "blue, " write the genotypes for the individuals in the pedigree. If it is impossible to tell if the second gene is dominant or recessive, use a? . 1. Martin Fugate _____ 2. Elizabeth Smith _____ 3. Zachariah Fugate _____ 4. Levy Fugate _____ 5. “a Ritchie” _____ 6. Luna Fugate _____ 7. John Stacy _____ 8. Alva Stacy _____ 9. Hilda ? ? _____ 10. Benjy Stacy _____

l l Martin Fugate (Bb) Elizabeth Smith (Bb) PUNNETT SQUARE TIME!!! (work on probability)

Solution

l l l Mutations are a good thing !!!!! Most of them are deadly and hurt or kill individuals, BUT random chance allows positive mutations to better survive, adapt, reproduce, and allow a species to exist. Example: 10% of white Europeans are immuned to HIV. There was a mutation that occurred with those that survived the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) in 1330 s

The Fugates l l l It turns out they have a rare genetic disorder called methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobin is a blue form of the red hemoglobin that carries oxygen. The blood in many of the descendants of the Fugates had accumulated so much blue molecule, turning them blue.

The Fugates l After research and investigation by Dr. Cawein, a hematologist, he found that by giving methylene blue pills, it turned blue people pink.