Genetics and Biotechnology 13 2 DNA Technology Genetic

Genetics and Biotechnology 13. 2 DNA Technology Genetic Engineering-manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert DNA from another organism.

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Organisms Biotechnology § Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

Genetics and Biotechnology Gel Electrophoresis § An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. § When an electric current is applied, the negatively charged DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel. § The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

Dolly – 1 st clone

Genetics and Biotechnology § A technique that transfers normal human genes into human cells that lack them is called gene therapy. § Scientists insert a beneficial gene from a virus into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene. § Viruses can be used to help an individual survive the overproduction of white blood cells caused by leukemia because a virus will engulf and degrade mutated white blood cells.

Genetics and Biotechnology Restriction Enzymes § Eco. RI-Restriction enzyme specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC. § The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends § DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes can pair up and join with any other DNA fragments cut by the same enzyme

Genetics and Biotechnology 13. 2 DNA Technology DNA Tools § Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

Genetics and Biotechnology

Applications of recombinant DNA • Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics • Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides • Animals: replacement of genes which cause disorders (gene therapy); cows could produce medicine in milk

Genetics and Biotechnology

Genetics and Biotechnology PCR § Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold. § The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA. § Used in genetic fingerprinting

Genetics and Biotechnology 13. 2 DNA Technology