Genetic Technology DNA Technology Genetic Engineering ALL THE

Genetic Technology DNA Technology Genetic Engineering ALL THE SAME

Genetic Engineering: DNA Technology process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms n uses DNA technology to cure diseases, treat genetic disorders, n improve food crops, etc. n

How do we make changes to DNA of an organism? ? ? USING…. Restriction Enzymes: n bacterial enzymes n act like scissors that cut DNA molecules at specific sites n create sticky ends that can easily bind to complementary DNA and form new sequences of nucleotides

Plasmids are: n n n ring of DNA found in a bacterium (bacteria) in addition to its main chromosome these plasmids can be cut with restriction enzymes, allowing other genes (donor genes) to be spliced into the plasmid once gene has been spliced into plasmid, the plasmid is returned to the bacteria

n insulin production

Plasmids are: n the bacteria then divides, giving copies of the new gene n n recombinant DNA- combination of DNA from two or more sources Ex. : inserting human gene for insulin into bacteria in order to produce large amounts of insulin for people whose bodies do not produce enough

MORE DNA Technology Techniques: 1. DNA Fingerprinting: pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an organism's DNA • Uses: -determining relationships between individuals -determining how closely species are related -helping solve crimes

DNA Fingerprinting How it works: use RFLP analysis to (omit) extract DNA and cut it using restriction enzymes n gel electrophoresis: DNA placed into wells made on a gel; fragments or segments of DNA are then separated based on size and charge

n Gel-Electrophoresis-Animation-

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used to quickly make many n copies of selected segments of DNA, only requires tiny amounts of DNA n

Conceiving a Clone: Media Center

Human Genome Project (began in 1990) Purposes: n to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome (approx. 3 billion nucleotide pairs) n to map the location of every gene on each chromosome n improve diagnoses, treatments, and cures for genetic diseases

Human Genome Proj. n J. Craig Venter: Designing Life - 60 Minutes - CBS News

Cloning: A group of genetically Identical cells n May be produces asexually… (Mitosis) n Growing Body Parts n

Gene Therapy treating a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect in a cell's genome n involves ethical decisions - Ex. insurance companies n

To Rw. Practical Uses of DNA Technology: produce pharmaceutical products inexpensively n Ex. insulin n

Practical Uses of DNA Technology: produce effective vaccines n interesting research--scientists are creating a banana vaccine to vaccinate children against viral diseases like Hepatitis B n

Practical Uses of DNA Technology: Increase agricultural yields by: protecting plants by transferring genes that are harmful to pests into the plants n producing plants that are resistant to weed-controlling chemicals (herbicides) n developing plants that do not require fertilizers to grow n

n n NOVA | science. NOW | Personal DNA Testing | PBS NOVA Online | Cracking the Code of Life | Watch the Program Here

Safety and Environmental Issues genetically engineered foods may contain toxins, making people allergic to the foods n genetically engineered crops may take over the native plant species n

Example of Genetic Engineering: n producing tomatoes that ripen without becoming soft and are supposed to taste better than commercially grown