GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES GENETIC ENGINEERING CLONING What Making an

GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES (GENETIC ENGINEERING)

CLONING • What: Making an exact genetic copy of an organism • Why: Medicine, Stem Cells, Farming, Endangered Species • How: – Nucleus is removed from an egg cell of DONOR A – Nucleus of body cell from DONOR B is inserted into DONOR A’s egg – Egg cell is forced to divide using electricity = Embryo – Embryo is placed in Uterus of DONOR C – Baby is born. The baby is a clone of DONOR B because it has that donor’s DNA. • Examples: Sheep (Dolly), Cattle, Stem Cells, Zoos

CLONING

CLONING POSITIVES NEGATIVES • Save an endangered species • No variety • Surplus of a desired trait • Faster Aging • Genetic Research • Medical Advancements • Shorter life span • Moral concerns

SELECTIVE BREEDING • What: mating two organisms that have desired traits to produce one organism with both desired traits – “Artificial Selection” • How: – Large Strawberries crossed with Sweet Strawberries – Large, Sweet Strawberries are produced • Examples: Fruits/Vegetables, Cattle, Dogs, Race horses

SELECTIVE BREEDING

SELECTIVE BREEDING

SELECTIVE BREEDING

RECOMBINANT DNA (Cutting and Pasting a Gene) • What: combining DNA from two different sources to produce the expression of a desired gene • How: – Plasmid = circular bacterial DNA – Restriction Enzymes “cut” open the plasmid and cut out a desired gene from the human’s DNA – Other Enzymes “paste” the human gene into the DNA of the plasmid – The bacteria now starts producing the protein coded for in that gene. – When the bacteria reproduces (asexually), it will also make copies

RECOMBINANT DNA

RECOMBINANT DNA

RECOMBINANT DNA

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS • What: gel showing what different genes are present in a sequence of DNA based on the size of the gene • Why: paternity tests, crime scenes, locating genes, comparing organisms • How: – Restriction Enzymes cut the DNA at different locations – DNA (negative charge) is placed in a gel – Electricity (positive charge) is applied to the gel – DNA travels down the gel forming a unique pattern • Small/Light pieces travel far • Large/Heavy pieces don’t travel far

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Demo

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Simulation