GENETIC ENGINEERING SC B4 9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT

GENETIC ENGINEERING SC B-4. 9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT INTRODUCE NEW GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS INTO AN ORGANISM OR A POPULATION BY APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF MODERN GENETICS

�CN Page 112 Notebook �EQ: How has technology allowed humans to genetically alter an organism?

Changing the Living World �Selective breeding: allowing only those individuals with desirable traits to reproduce �Humans use it in animals, plants, & other organisms

SELECTIVE BREEDING

Hybridization �A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms �Usually are: Hardier More disease tolerant

Inbreeding �The continued breeding of individuals with similar traits �Increases the incidence of recessive traits

Increasing Variation �Breeders can increase genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations (the ultimate source of genetic variation) �Bacteria Small size, short life cycle makes them easy to radiate get desirable mutation Example: Bacteria used in oil spills digest oil �Plants Polyploidy induced by chemicals Bananas, Citrus Fruit

Key Questions �How does selective breeding work? �Why would inducing mutations in an organism be a good idea?

Applications of Genetic Engineering �Possible to transfer genes from one organism to another 1 st done in 1986 by Howell transferred gene from firefly tobacco plant

Transgenic Bacteria �Bacteria reproduce rapidly & easy to grow �use restriction enzymes to open bacterial plasmid or loop of DNA then insert gene �used to make human forms of proteins Insulin Growth Hormone Clotting Factor

How Restriction Enzymes Work

Restriction Enzyme Explanation �http: //highered. mheducation. com/sites/dl/free/007 2421975/196644/restriction_endonucleases. html

Transgenic Animals �Mice produced with human genes that makes their immune systems act like humans Scientist able to study effects of diseases or treatments on mice before testing on humans �Some livestock now have extra copies of gene for Growth Hormone grow faster & produce leaner meat, more milk

Transgenic Animals

Genetic Engineering http: //www. instruction. greenriver. e du/mcvay/es 204/es%20 docs/anima tions/transgenic_plants. swf

CLONING �A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell �Example: Cloned colonies of bacteria (easy) Multicellular organisms (difficult)

Use of cloning in humans raises serious ethical & moral issues

Issues in Biology �http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/transg en. html �text book page 330: � 1) read the information � 2) list the risks & benefits of GMOs � 3) Write at least 3 complete sentences giving your opinion about whether stricter regulations are needed; give reasons for your opinion.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) �using technology to make many copies of desired gene or DNA sequence

DNA “Fingerprinting” using Gel-Electrophoresis

�http: //highered. mcgraw- hill. com/sites/0072437316/student_view 0/chapter 1 6/animations. html#