GENETIC ENGINEERING MODIFYING DNA Scientist use their knowledge

GENETIC ENGINEERING

MODIFYING DNA Scientist use their knowledge of the chemical composition and structure of DNA to study and change DNA This process is known as genetic engineering.

WHAT CAN WE USE DNA FOR? Solving crimes or determining paternity Modifying food Cloning Making new organisms Medicine production Much, much more!

WHAT ARE WE ABLE TO DO? 1. DNA extraction § Cells are opened and the DNA is separated out 2. Cutting DNA § Use restriction enzymes, from bacteria, that cut open DNA in specific areas and allow for modifications 3. Analyzing DNA § Separation of fragments due to how they are cut with restriction enzymes 4. Recombinant DNA § DNA produced by combining DNA from two or more sources.

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Make a lot of DNA through PCR Restriction enzymes cut DNA in different places to make specific size pieces They can be separated using electricity This produces bars that can be compared. Used in forensics, paternity suits, and genetic testing.

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Organisms that contain genes from other species These mice contain genes from jellyfish that cause them to glow in the dark. These plants contain genes from a bacteria that cause them to produce insecticides.

CLONING Two organisms that have identical DNA. § Can be natural or man-made The “first” cloned organism was made in 1885 when a twocelled embryo of a sea urchin was shaken until the two cells separated. Using modern techniques, a frog was cloned in 1952. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal in 1997

CLONING EXAMPLES Copy Cat 2001