Genetic Engineering can be used to transfer genes
Genetic Engineering – can be used to transfer genes for specific traits from one organism to another. The technology used in genetic engineering is called DNA technology or biotechnology. 10/6/2020 1
DNA Technology can be used to improve crops, cure diseases, and improve life! 10/6/2020 2
HISTORY OF DNA TECHNOLOGY 1866 – Gregor Mendel publishes, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization” 10/6/2020 3
1869 Frederick Miescher isolates DNA from cells for the first time and calls it “nuclein” 10/6/2020 4
1879 Mitosis is described by Fleming who watched chromosome behavior during animal cell division 10/6/2020 5
1900 Mendel’s work is rediscovered 10/6/2020 6
1902 - Walter Sutton states that genes exist in pairs and are located on chromosomes 10/6/2020 7
1911 Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students study fruit fly chromosomes. They show that chromosomes carry genes and also discover genetic linkage. 10/6/2020 8
1941 Beadle and Tatum experi ment on the red mold Neurospora and show that genes act by regulating distinct chemical events. 10/6/2020 9
1944 Barbara Mc. Clintock, using corn as the model organism, discovers that genes can move around on chromosomes. This mobile units are called transposons or “jumping genes 10/6/2020 10
1944 - Avery, Macleod, and Mc. Carty discover that genes are made of DNA which carries hereditary information 10/6/2020 11
1953 - Using Franklin’s xrays, Crick and Watson discover the shape of the DNA molecule 10/6/2020 12
1955 Joe Hin Tjio defines 46 as the exact number of chromosomes in human cells. 10/6/2020 13
1958 Meselson and Stahl demonstrates that DNA replicates semiconservately; each strand from the parent DNA molecules ends up paired with a new strand. 10/6/2020 14
1961 The first screen for a metabolic defect in newborns is developed, a test for phenylketonuria. 10/6/2020 15
1966 - it is discovered that three nucleotides determine an amino acid 1966 - the genetic code is discovered 10/6/2020 16
1967 – Gurdon successfully clones a frog which does not mature 10/6/2020 17
1968 – discovery of restriction enzymes 1972 – restriction enzymes are used to cut viral and bacterial DNA, creating the first recombinant DNA molecules 10/6/2020 18
1975 Sanger and his colleagues develop rapid DNA sequen cing methods. It is the most common method used in labs today; colored dyes are used to identify each of the four bases. 10/6/2020 19
1978 - Genentech produces human insulin using recombinant DNA technology; it is marketed in 1982 10/6/2020 20
1978 - Louise Brown, the first baby conceived via in-vitro fertilization, is born in Great Britain 10/6/2020 21
1981 - the first transgenic animals are produced by transferring genes from other animals into mice and fruit flies 10/6/2020 22
1982 – government approval is given to Lindow to test bacteria which would prevent frost from forming on strawberries and potatoes 10/6/2020 23
1983 – first baby is born using a donated egg (in Australia) 10/6/2020 24
1983 A genetic marker for Huntington Disease is found on chromosome 4. 10/6/2020 25
1983 PCR is invented by Kary Mullis, a method used to amplify DNA, making billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA. 10/6/2020 26
1985 – the first genetically engineered plants were field tested for the first time 1985 – gene therapy is approved 10/6/2020 27
1986 – Tobacco becomes the first genetically engineered crop 10/6/2020 28
1989 – Alec Jeffreys coins the term “DNA Fingerprinting” and is the first to use it in paternity and murder cases. 10/6/2020 29
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1989 Repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites are used as genetic landmarks to distinguish between people. Another type of marker, sequence-tagged sites, are unique stretches of DNA that can be used to make physical maps of chromosomes. 10/6/2020 33
1990 – the first gene therapy experiment takes place to treat a girl with ADA Deficiency 10/6/2020 34
1990 – the FDA approves rennin, used in cheese, as the first genetically engineered product 1990 – the first transgenic cow is produced 10/6/2020 35
1990 – the Human Genome Project begins – estimated cost $13 billion 10/6/2020 36
1992 – the first human is born to a British couple who had the embryo screened for genetic disease prior to implantation in the uterus 10/6/2020 37
1996 The mouse genetic map is completed and since the mouse shares 85% of its genes with humans it allows it to be used to as a model to study diseases in humans. 10/6/2020 38
1997 - the first cloned mammal, “Dolly” is produced from an adult sheep’s cell 10/6/2020 39
1998 The first genome of a multicellular organism, C. elegans, is completed. 10/6/2020 40
2000 -First draft of the Human Genome Project 10/6/2020 41
2001 – Scientists in Massachusetts produce the first human embryos that have been cloned for stem cell research 10/6/2020 42
2003 The finished human genome sequence was 99. 99% accurate. It will take decades of research understand all of the information contained within the human genome. 10/6/2020 43
What disease did the patient have who was the first recipient of gene therapy? Define or describe how the procedure is done. 10/6/2020 44
Give two examples of genetically modified crops. 10/6/2020 45
Name one goal of the Human Genome Project. What is the normal role of restriction enzymes inside bacterial cells? 10/6/2020 46
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