Genetic engineering and biotechnology What are the benefits
Genetic engineering and biotechnology
What are the benefits of biotechnology? • Medicine • human • veterinary • biopharming • • Environment Agriculture Food products Industry and manufacturing
Transfer of new genes into animal organisms Diagnostics Cell Culture Monoclonal Antibodies Crime solving Molecular Biology DNA technology Tracers Genetic Engineering Banks of DNA, RNA and proteins Complete map of the human genome Anti-cancer drugs Culture of plants from single cells Synthesis of new proteins Mass prodn. of human proteins Resource bank for rare human chemicals New types of plants and animals New types of food Cloning New antibiotics Synthesis of specific DNA probes Localisation of genetic disorders Gene therapy
ASSESMENT STATEMENTS PCR ELECTROPHORESIS DNA PROFILING THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT GENE TRANSFER GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISIMS ETHNICAL ISSUES
EXPLORING DNA Through genetic engineering scientists can combine DNA from different sources and this process is called “Recombinant DNA technology” The secrets of DNA structure and functions have led to gene cloning and genetic engineering, manipulating the DNA of an organism
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify single or a few copies of a piece of DNA
PCR Animation Denaturation: DNA melts Annealing: Primers bind Extension: DNA is replicated
http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= 2 Ko. Ln. Iwo. ZKU http: //www. dnalc. org/resources/animations/pcr. html By using PCR , forensics experts or research technicians can obtain millions of copies of the DNA just few ours.
Gel Electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. Enyzmes are used to chop up the long filaments of DNA into varying sized fragments. DNA fragments are placed into small holes in gel. The gel is exposed an electric current. Smallest , least massive part is speed.
http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/labs/gel/
DNA PROFILING DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. http: //www. biotechnologyonline. go v. au/popups/int_dnaprofiling. html EVEN THOUGH 99. 9 PERCENT OF HUMAN DNA is exactly the same in all people, a single droplet of blood or stray eyelash collected at a crime scene still carries all the genetic information needed to convict a criminal.
DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting, reveals a suite of variations in the genetic code that, taken together, constitute an individual’s unique DNA profile. Here’s how it works: 1. Collect a sample and extract its DNA. 2. Amplify the telltale regions. 3. Count the repeats. 4. Look for a match
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20, 000– 25, 000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in October 1990, completed one in 2003.
Adventageous Use of Human Genome Find beneficial molecules which are produced naturally in healthy people. Find out which gene controls the synthesis of desirable molecules Copy the gene and use it as instructions to synthesize the molecule in laboratory Distribute the benefical molecule as a new medical treatment.
GENE TRANSFER The technique of taking a gene out of one organism(donor) and placing it in another organism. (host) is called gene transfer
Cold Tolerance Insect Resistance
Cutting, copying and pasting DNA
Molecular cloning It is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of a single DNA molecule starting from a single living cell to generate a large population of cells containing identical DNA molecules. (Typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. Coli bacteria
What exactly is cloning? Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two! http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/tech/cloning/ clickandclone/ http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/tech/transgenic/
Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell • Dolly gave birth to four lambs
Biotechnology Timeline 1750 BC The Sumerians brew beer. 500 BC Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils 1590 Janssen invents the microscope 1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers cells (bacteria, red blood cells) 1830 Proteins are discovered 1833 The first enzymes are isolated 1855 The Eschirium coli bacterium is discovered
Biotechnology Timeline 1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species 1864 Louis Pasteur shows all living things are produced by other living things 1865 The age of genetics begins 1902 Walter Sutton coins the term ‘gene’ - proposed that chromosomes carry genes
Biotechnology Timeline 1910 Chromosomal theory of inheritance proved 1928 Fleming discovers antibiotic properties of certain molds 1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum propose that one gene makes one protein 1949 Sickle cell anaemia demonstrated to be molecular disease
Biotechnology Timeline 1952 The ‘Waring Blender’ experiment 1953 The double helix is unravelled 1967 The genetic code is cracked 1973 Recombinant DNA technology begins 1975 First international conference on recombinant DNA technology
Biotechnology Timeline 1975 DNA sequencing discovered 1975 Monoclonal antibody technology introduced 1978 Genentech Inc. established 1978 Genentech use genetic engineering to produce human insulin in E. coli - 1980 IPO of $89 1978 Kary Mullis discovers PCR
Biotechnology Timeline 1989 The Human Genome Project begins 1990 First use of gene therapy 1990 First product of recombinant DNA technology introduced into US food chain 1993 FDA announces that transgenic food is safe 1994 The FLAVRSAVR tomato - first genetically engineered whole food
History of Biotechnology 1998 Human embryonic stem cells grown 1999 Celera announces completion of Drosophilia genome sequence 2000 90% of Human Genome sequence published on web 2001 Human genome project complete
Biotechnology Timeline 1996 First mammal cloned from adult cells 1990 s First conviction using genetic fingerprinting 1996 Development of Affymetrix Gene. Chip 1997 First artificial chromosome
Resources http: //www. dnalc. org/resources/animations/pcr. html http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/tech/transgenic / http: //www. wikipedia. org/
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