GENERATION AND APPLICATION HIGH INTENSITY PULSE ELECTRON BEAMS

GENERATION AND APPLICATION HIGH INTENSITY PULSE ELECTRON BEAMS GENNADY E. REMNEV технологии, оборудование TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY RUSSIA

PULSE POWER AND PULSE BEAM TECHNOLOGIES IN TPU PULSE ION ACCELERATORS PULSE ELECTRON ACCELERATORS SPARK STREAM CHAMBERS EXPLOSIVE ELECTRON EMISSION. Gennady MESYATS ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TECHNOLOGIES. Solid breakdown in liquid ELECTRICAL INSULATORS 1940 HIGH VOLTAGE DEPARTMENT 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 YEARS 2

CHANNEL TRAJECTORY HV A Voltage, U liquid solid HV Channel trajectory Solid A liquid Liquid solid Channel trajectory Time 3

OVERVIEW q ACCELARATORS q FEATURES OF A PULSE ELECTRON BEAM TRANSPORTATION IN GASES q APPLICATION HIGH INTENSITY PULSE ELECTRON BEAMS - Synthesis of oxide nanosized particles - Wastewater treatment and disinfection - Disinfection of the seed

IHTP RESEARCH FIELDS IN BEAM-PLASMA TECHNOLOGIES R&D Laboratory for Pulse-Beam, Electric Discharge and Plasma Technologies 5

IHTP PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATORS IN RUSSIA Accelerators and their parameters

LINEAR INDUCTION ACCELERATORS (TPU, TOMSK) Electron energy Beam current Pulse duration Pulse repetition rate 0, 6 -10 Me. V 3 -1000 А 16 -100 ns 1 -3000 Hz Photo of LIA Generation RF-radiation 17

PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATORS (TPU, TOMSK) 1 m 1 m А 1 m Б Accelerator TEA-500 Accelerator ASTRA-M Accelerator ASTRA-700 Parameters TEA-500 ASTRA Electron energy, ke. V 300 -450 350 ASTRAМ 470 6 -10 (output beam current) 80 (at half-height) 1, 7 Beam current, к. А Pulse duration, ns Pulse repetition rate, Hz > 2 Hz in continuous duty, - up to 10 Hz*) (in ASTRА-2 М ASTRA-700 400 700 0, 8 0, 7 500 250 50 40 40* (100) 40

PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATORS (TPU, TOMSK) 1 m 1 m А 1 m Б Accelerator TEA-450 Accelerator ASTRA-M Accelerator ASTRA-700 Parameters TEA-450 ASTRA Electron energy, ke. V 300 -450 350 ASTRAМ 470 6 -10 (output beam current) 80 (at half-height) 1, 7 Beam current, к. А Pulse duration, ns Pulse repetition rate, Hz > 2 Hz in continuous duty, - up to 10 Hz*) (in ASTRА-2 М ASTRA-700 400 700 0, 8 0, 7 500 250 50 40 40* (100) 40

HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATOR TEA-450 MAIN PARAMETERS OF ACCELERATOR Accelerating voltage – 300 – 450 ke. V Beam current – 6 -10 k. A Pulsed duration (at half amplitude) – 80 ns Maximum energy of γ – quanta – 450 ke. V Energy in X-radiation – up to 2 J Pulse repetition rate – > 2 Hz in continuous duty, up to 10 Hz*) (in a 1 000 pulse packet)*). *) power supply provides accelerator operation in continuous duty, but some of the units require modification Overall view of accelerator

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ACCELERAT 2 k. V 20 k. V 250 k. V 450 k. V e-beam x-ray Triggering of the power supply → charging of capacity С 1 up to 2 k. V → Triggering of thyristor VS → formation of pulse voltage at the output of a pulse transformer 20 k. V → charging of high-voltage capacity С 2 up to 20 k. V → Triggering of thyratron PSS (pseudospark switch) and discharge of capacity С 2 through primary transformer winding Tr 2 → formation of pulse voltage on the secondary transformer winding – up to 250 k. V and charging two lines of double forming line up to this voltage → Triggering of DFL spark gap in the maximum of voltage → formation of output voltage to highvoltage autotransformer Tr 3 and formation of voltage at the output at the diode system of accelerator → formation of a dense explosive emission plasma at the cathode and electron acceleration in the diode gap up to the energy of 450 ke. V → bremsstrahlung X-ray generation at the anode plate with a high Z

CROSS-SECTION VIEW OF ACCELERAT High-voltage autotransformer Bremsstrahlung X-ray generation system High-voltage divider Spark gap Double forming line Pulsed generator for DFL charging Diode system

SPARK GAP

HIGH-VOLTAGE AUTOTRANSFORME

PULSED GENERATOR FOR DFL CHARGING Parameters of the high-voltage generator: Output voltage – 150 -250 k. V Pulse duration – up to 1500 ns Pulse repetition rate – 2 Hz (in a mode of a pulse packet ~ 1000 -10 Hz) Energy – 600 J

INVESTIGATION OF SPACE DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE VALUES Vacuum diode chamber Dose per pulse, Gy Distance from convertor, cm Convertor axis Convertor flange

ACCELARATORS WITH MATCHING TRANSFORMER TOMSK 2008 Main parameters of the accelerator Electrons energy : 550 ke. V Beam current: 10 k. А Pulse duration: 60 ns Repetition rate: 1 -5 Hz Energy transferred by beam: 200 J

ACCELARATORS WITH MATCHING TRANSFORMER CHINA, Beijing, 2013 Parameters of the accelerator In the electron mode: Accelerating voltage – 300 – 500 ke. V Beam current – 10 k. A Half-amplitude pulse duration – 80 ns Current Density on anode – до 400 A/cm 2 Pulse repetition rate – up to 3 Hz

ACCELARATORS WITH MATCHING TRANSFORMER IRAN, Tegeran, 2017 Parameters of the accelerator In the mode of Bremsstrahlung X-ray generation Accelerating voltage – 300 -450 k. V Half-amplitude pulse duration – 80 ns Current in vacuum diode – 6 -10 k. A Pulse repetition rate – 2 Hz (in a mode of a pulse packet ~ 1000 -10 Hz).

ELECTRICAL SCHEMATIC OF TPU TRANSFORMER BASED ACCELERATORS Low-voltage part (metal box) ~3 х380 V Primary energy bank AC/ DC Charging pulsed transforme r Thyristo r High-voltage part (oil-filled case) High voltage energy bank Accelerating voltage pulsed transformer High-voltage commutator (PSS) PSS driver c a Vacuum electron diode Production line of the transformer based TPU accelerators Accelerator name ASTRA Dimensions (Lx. Wx. H), m 2. 5 x 1 x 2. 5 350 Beam energy, J/pulse 10 Beam pulse duration, ns 500 Beam average power, W 500 Electron kinetic energy, ke. V ASTRA-M 2 x 1 x 2 470 7 250 280 ASTRA-2 M 2 x 1 x 2 400 5 250 200* (500) 2 x 1. 7 x 2. 4 300 -500 50 300 1000 --- * continuous operation

A PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRON BEAM FORMATION Accelerating voltage, k. V Current, k. A Injected beam 0, 2 N x 1012 Total diode current 0, 16 0, 12 Time, ns 0, 08 0, 04 Eе (ke. V) 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 [1] Egorov, I. , Remnev, G. , Poloskov, A. , Serebrennikov, M. Effect of emission current delay on the efficiency of electron beam production (2017) Vacuum, 143, pp. 428 -432 0

A PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRON BEAM FORMATION Accelerating voltage amplitude (k. V), Output electron beam energy (J/pulse) Average electron kinetic energy (ke. V) 16, 20 mm 16, 20 mm Percentages Copper (%) multipoint cathode Graphite Cu+Al 2 O 3 planar cathode Cu+Ba. Ti. O 3 planar cathode Delay time of emission current (ns) Egorov, I. , Remnev, G. , Poloskov, A. , Serebrennikov, M. Effect of emission current delay on the efficiency of electron beam production (2017) Vacuum, 143, pp. 428 -432 Electron kinetic energy at 20 mm gap

EXTERNAL VIEW OF TPU TRANSFORMER BASED ACCELERATORS А Б ASTRA [2] (prototype) ASTRA-M [3] (TPU) --- [2] Egorov, I. S. , Kaikanov, M. I. , Remnev, G. E. , Stepanov, A. V. The Astra repetitive-pulse electron accelerator (2013) Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 56 (5), pp. 568 -570 [3] Egorov, I. , Esipov, V. , Remnev, G. , et al A high-repetition rate pulsed electron accelerator (2013) IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 20 (4), art. no. 6571453, pp. 1334 -1339

DESIGNED ACCELERATOR: ASTRA-M Parameters of ASTRA-M accelerator Accelerating voltage 450 -500 k. V Ejected beam current 700 A Ejected current pulse duration 120 ns Pulse energy 20 J Pulse repetition rate To 50 pps Consumed power 12 k. W There are no spark gaps, forming lines in the construction of the ASTRA-M accelerators – increase in water treatment efficiency, service cost reduction 24

ASTRA-M AND ASTRA-2 M ACCELERATOR SINGLE-BASE STRUCTURE Base box Power source Pulsed charging transformer High-voltage part Capacitive storage RS 485 Switch High-voltage pulsed transformer Control cabinet High-voltage insulator Ethernet Vacuum electron diode Exit window Processing chamber Control panel High-vacuum pump High-vacuum gate valve Vacuum circuit X-ray protection Egorov, I. , Esipov, V. , Remnev, G. , Kaikanov, M. , Lukonin, E. , Poloskov, A. A high-repetition rate pulsed electron accelerator (2012) Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, IPMHVC 2012, art. no. 6518845, pp. 716 -719

FEATURES OF A PULSE ELECTRON BEAM TRANSPORTATION IN GASES

FEATURES OF A PULSE ELECTRON BEAM TRANSPORTATION IN GASES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP anode grid an aluminum foil cathode vacuum collector of Faraday cylinder Dependence of a total charge of a beam (registered by Faraday cylinder) on distance (d)

The averaged values of the specific absorbed energy in the propagation zone of a pulsed electron beam (beam energy 450 ke. V, gas pressure 50 Torr ) j, me. V/mol

PROPAGATION OF PULSE ELECTRON BEAMS IN GASES (Ar and N 2) Ar N 2 P=50 Torr P=300 Torr P=760 Torr

PECULIARITIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PULSE ELECTRON BEAMS IN GASES Ar N 2 P=50 Torr P=300 Torr P=760 Torr

FORMATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD OF ELECTRON BEAM IN GASES Scheme of the experiment Voltage divider X-Ray detector Double forming line TEA-500 Collector Cathode Matching Vacuum Marx generatorautotransform chamber er Rogowski coil The electron beam injected into the atmosphere Magnetic probe Gas Design of the magnetic probe Signal cable Inductor in a quartz tube Housing A typical oscillogram of the accelerating voltage and the total current of the accelerator diode

MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF A FROZEN MAGNETIC FIELD It=0 tp I t Bφ Neutral gas II 0 < tp I II III Bφ Electron beam + plasma III t > tp Bφ 10 Torr 300 Torr Plasma + frozen magnetic field The time duration of the magnetic field Bφ as a function of the pressure – P

APPLICATION HIGH INTENSITY PULSE ELECTRON BEAM

APPLICATIONS of PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATORS INDUSTRIAL Surface APPLICATIONS modificatio Treatment, n Water smoothing… Material Gas modification conversion conditioning cross-linked polymers, Gas to liquid industrial water recycling film polymerization… GTL Tech… SPECIAL APPLICATIONS Medical applicatio Fundamental n Equipment research sterilization, production of preparation X-ray radiation Defectoscopy Sterilization For food items or inedible products ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS Waste processing radiation destruction Disinfections Waste water Gases Surface, solutions, treatment cleaning air Household and industrial wastewater Applied research Radiation technologies, nano-powder production Tests for extremely conditions COLOR CODE: In use Developing For future researches

DIRECTIONS OF PRACTICAL USE OF PULSED ELECTRON BEAMS DEVELOPED in R&D Laboratory for Pulse-Beam, Electric Discharge and Plasma Technologies • Pulse plasma chemistry (synthesis of nanoparticles, cleaning of flue gases, . . . ) • Treatment of the air-water mixture (disinfection, use in the wastewater treatment complex) • Processing of seeds to improve germination and increase the shelf life of the seed • Generation of high-energy ion beams in the collective acceleration of ions in electron beams from dense plasma bunches

PRODUCTIVITY (PR) IN GAS PLASMA CHEMISTRY ADVANTAGES OVER GAS-DISCHARGE SOURCES OF PLASMA: - High pressure P - Large volume of the reaction zone - High performance Vbeam ~ I·e. U u gas ~ f [pps] V x u gas ~ P[BT]

PULSE-BEAM TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRON BEAMS TEA-500 PULSED ELECTRON ACCELERATOR Application: q production of hardened and heat-shrinkage articles q ionization of gas molecules for initiation of chemical processes q combustion gas cleaning q pulsed technologies for purification and disinfection of industrial and domestic wastewater q pulsed plasma-chemical technology for waste uranium hexafluoride refining PLASMA-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NANODISPERSED OXIDES q direct recovery of halogenides, etc. Si. Cl 4+H 2+O 2 Characteristics е- beam Accelerating voltage, k. V 350… 500 Electron beam current, k. A 6… 11 Pulse duration (at half maximum), ns 60 Pulse energy, J up 200 Pulse repetition rate, pps up 5 Beam diameter, cm 5 Composition of reagent gas mixture O 2 – 9. 33 k. Pa H 2 – 17. 33 k. Pa Si. Cl 4 – 6. 42 k. Pa Plasma-chemical 38 reactor

PULSE-BEAM TECHNOLOGIES ELECTRON BEAMS Quantity of particles 200 nm Si. O 2 100 nm Quantity of particles MORPHOLOGY AND PARTICLE SIZE d, nm Particles dimension, nm Picture of silicon dioxide powder and histogram of particle size distribution 200 nm Quantity of particles Ti. O 2 Photo and histogram of (Ti. O 2)x(Si. O 2)1 -x power particle size distribution Particles dimension, nm Picture of titanium dioxide powder and histogram of particle size distribution Si. O 2 Ti. O 2 Nano powder Si-Ti-Ox 39

SCHEME PULSED PLASMA-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF COMPOSITE NANOMATERIALS The main features of pulsed plasma chemical synthesis: 1. Production of nanosized oxides with the specified properties (composition, average particle size, morphology etc. ) 2. Low specific power inputs 1 -3 k. W/kg 3. The possibility of doping F, Ag, Au, etc. 4. Productivity (project. TIA-500) is 10 -20 kg / h. 5. The cost price (project. TIA-500) of silicon dioxide obtained by pulsed plasma chemical method is 1. 5 -2

SCHEME PULSED PLASMA-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF COMPOSITE NANOMATERIALS The main features of pulsed plasma chemical synthesis: 1. Production of nanosized oxides with the specified properties (composition, average particle size, morphology etc. ). 2. Low specific power inputs 1 -3 k. W/kg 3. The possibility of doping F, Ag, Au, etc. 4. Productivity (project. TIA-500) is 10 -20 kg / h. 5. The cost price (project. TIA-500) of silicon dioxide obtained by pulsed plasma chemical method is 1. 5 -2 $ / kg.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISINFECTI DISTRIBUTION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE WORLD Population growth leads to increased use of water To date, approximately one -third of countries experience a shortage of drinking water 42

Water radiolysis e-beam O ELECTRON BEAM IMPACTS A WATER MOLECULE THUS FORMING ACTIVE COMPONENTS: H Water molecule H The yield of different products of water radiolysis, µmol/J + - Componen t G-yield H* OH* H 2 0. 6 2. 8 0. 45 H 2 O 2 H 3 O 0. 7 3. 1 OH eaq 0. 4 2. 7 The main effect of irradiation on water solutions is oxidation of the organic impurities, formation of insoluble components, coagulation of colloid structures, and sterilization 43

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRON-BEAM TECHNOLOGIES OF WATER PURIFICATION • Environmental safety of electron accelerators • Simultaneous effect on all the parameters of water (organoleptic, biological, chemical) • Multiple-factor effect on all chemical impurities • Killing all microorganisms (bacteria, viruses) • Ease of control the purification level by increasing/reducing the radiation dose • No radiation in the OFF state 44

DESIGNED ACCELERATOR: ASTRA-M Parameters of ASTRA-M accelerator Accelerating voltage 450 -500 k. V Ejected beam current 700 A Ejected current pulse duration 120 ns Pulse energy 20 J Pulse repetition rate To 50 pps Consumed power 12 k. W There are no spark gaps, forming lines in the construction of the ASTRA-M accelerators – increase in water treatment efficiency, service cost reduction 45

CHAMBER FOR WASTEWATER E-BEAM TREATM Stage 1 Mechanical treatment – removal of contaminants over 50 µm TORO 40/50 drum filter –SOKOL-F(M)-2 bag filter Chamber for water treatment Output window of accelerator Stage 2 Pulse e-beam exposure Electro n steam Water drops 50100 μm ASTRA-M pulsed high -current electron accelerator Jet Atmospher ic air Air tap Stage 3 Mechanical posttreatment removal of contaminants over 5µm Barrier Kinetico Para-flo PF 60 filters – Spin Clin DF autonomous filters 46 Wastewate r Treated water

COMPLEX FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT Electrocoagulator Disc Filters Sump Degasser Tank, 8 м 3 1. 2 р. Н 8 -8. 5 1 р. Н PURE WATER ASTRA-M Corrector р. Н Sediment gasket Infrared dryer Evaporator Hopper Solid residual bunker

PULSED ELECTRON-BEAM TECHNOLOGIES OF WATER PURI Mobile block-box with a pulsed electron accelerator-based water treatment system No need to build additional premises for accelerators – location is possible in the production area 48

WASTEWATER ELECTRON-BEAM TREATMENT Characteristic Odor Color Floating impurities Transparency, cm Solid residual, mg/dm 3 p. H value, p. H Ammonium-ion, mg/dm 3 Nitrite nitrogen, mg/dm 3 Chloride-ion (Cl-), mg/dm 3 Sulphate-ion (SO 42 -), mg/dm 3 Original wastewater Fecal Grey No <1 427± 38 8. 0± 0. 1 32. 85± 6. 9 <0. 01 20. 8± 3. 3 After treatment 10. 4± 1. 35 <2. 0 100 Odorless Colorless No 5. 0± 0. 5 530± 48 7. 6± 0. 1 0. 39± 0. 14 <0. 01 22. 6± 3. 6 MPC* Odorless Colorless No 1000 6. 5 -8. 5 0. 08 300 Nitrite-ion, mg/dm 3 Phosphate-phosphorus, mg/dm 3 Phenols (volatile), mg/dm 3 <0. 1 0. 39± 0. 07 40 0. 106± 0. 016 <0. 016 0. 1 <0. 001 Petrochemicals (total), mg/dm 3 0. 843± 0. 211 0. 047± 0. 019 0. 05 Anionic surfactants, mg/dm 3 0. 772± 0. 162 <0. 015 0. 5 49

WASTEWATER DISINFECTION Biological parameter Before treatment After treatment Health standard s Coliform bacteria 2. 1 106 < 100 <500 Coliphages 42 0 <10 Thermotolerant coliform bacteria 2. 1 106 < 100 <100 Unit CFU/100 ml PFU/100 ml CFU/100 ml 50

RESULTS OF METHANOL PULSE-BEAM OXIDATION IN WATER Initial concentration 2100 mg/l 200 mg/l 30 mg/l Decrease in MPC is at 75 k. Gy Decrease in MPC is at 10 k. Gy MPC for wastewater 200 mg/l 30 mg/l – optimal concentration for further biological treatment 51

Thank you for attention! 52