GENERAL TOXICOLOGY GENERAL TOXICOLOGY t CHEMICAL BASIS OF
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY t CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION t GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES t METAL TOXICITY t CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t ABSORPTION & DISTRIBUTION t BIOCHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t ADSORPTION n. DIFFUSION » LIPID/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT » CONCENTRATION INSIDE & OUTSIDE THE CELL
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t ADSORPTION n SPECIALIZED TRANSPORT » ACTIVE TRANSPORT » FACILITATED DIFFUSION » MEMBRANE PROCESSES n PHAGOCYTOSIS n PINOCYTOSIS
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t ADSORPTION n. SKIN » DMSO » CCL 4 » PARATHION/MALATHION » SARIN (POTENT NERVE GAS)
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t ADSORPTION n. LUNGS » PARTICULATES » VOLATILE GASES » VOLATILE ORGANICS
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t DISTRIBUTION n CELL TO CELL n ORGAN TO ORGAN n MOVEMENT INTO TOTAL BODY WATER » PLASMA WATER » INTERSTITIAL WATER » INTRACELLULAR WATER
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t BIOCHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY n REACTION TYPES » OXIDATION » REDUCTION » HYDROLYSIS » CONJUGATION
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t OXIDATION n. OXYGEN IS INCORPORATED INTO THE SUBSTRATE
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t REDUCTION n. THE ADDITION OF ELECTRONS TO THE COMPOUND UNDERGOING REDUCTION
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t HYDROLYSIS n. THE ENZYMATIC CLEAVAGE OF BONDS BY WATER » ADDITION OF HYDROGEN
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t CONJUGATION n. USUALLY LAST STEP IN METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION n. USUALLY GENERATE NON-TOXIC PRODUCTS OF HIGH POLARITY » RAPID EXCRETION
CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY t CONJUGATION n. GLUCURONYL TRANSFER n. ACETYLATION n. SULFATION n. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t FACTORS CONTROLLING TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY t DERMATOTOXICOLOGY t NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS) t HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER)
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t FACTORS CONTROLLING TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY n ROUTE OF EXPOSURE n DISTRIBUTION IN THE BODY n METABOLISM n EXCRETION n SENSITIZATION
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t DERMATOTOXICOLOGY n TOXIC DAMAGE (SKIN) » PRIMARY IRRITATION n ABSOLUTE IRRITANTS n RELATIVE IRRITANTS
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t DERMATOTOXICOLOGY n TOXIC DAMAGE (SKIN) » SUNLIGHT-ASSOCIATED TOXICITIES n PHOTO ALLERGY n PHOTOTOXICITY
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t DERMATOTOXICOLOGY n TOXIC DAMAGE (EYE) » CORNEA » LENS - CATARACT (DINITROPHENOL) » RETINA » OPTIC NERVE - BLINDNESS (CS 2 , METHANOL)
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS) n HEAVY METALS MERCURY LEAD CADMIUM BISMUTH URANIUM ARSENIC
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS) n MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS ETHYLENE GLYCOL CARBON TETRACHLORIDE KEROSENE
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER) n TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH LIPID SOLUBLE AGENTS n DIRECT LIVER INJURY » ALCOHOLIC TYPE » TOXIC METABOLITE n CHRONIC HEPATOTOXICITY
SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS t HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER) n HEPATIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS VINYL CHLORIDE ARSENIC PHENOBARBITAL BUTTER YELLOW TRICHLOROETHYLENE DIOXANE AFLATOXIN NITROSAMINES POLYHALOGENATED POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION t INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER t EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION t INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER n. INDIRECTLY IONIZING (PHOTONS) » X-RAYS » GAMMA RAYS » NEUTRONS » NEUTRAL MESONS
TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION t INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER n. DIRECTLY IONIZING (CORPUSCULAR) » POSITRONS » ALPHA PARTICLES » BETA PARTICLES » CHARGED MESONS » ACCELERATOR PARTICLES » FISSION FRAGMENTS
TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION t EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS n. ACUTE RESPONSE » SKIN » GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM » HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM » CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYNDROME
TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION t EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS n. LOW LEVEL RESPONSE » RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS n 5 REM (ROENTGEN EQUIVALENT MAN)
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES t CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES t ORGANOPHOSPHATE & CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES t HERBICIDES t PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES t CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES n LIPID SOLUBLE n BIO-ACCUMULATION n MANY ARE CARCINOGENIC » ALDRIN » DIELDRIN
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES t ORGANOPHOSPHATE & CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES n CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS » ATROPINE » PRALIDOXIME (2 -PAM) n DELAYED NEUROPATHY » TRI-ORTHO-CRESYL PHOSPHATE (TOCP)
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES t HERBICIDES n GREATEST TOTAL VOLUME OF PRODUCTION n KILL PLANTS OR INHIBIT PLANT GROWTH » AMINOTRIAZOLE » 2, 4 -DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2, 4 -D)
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES t PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES n NATURAL & SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES n POTENTIAL NEUROTOXICANTS » FAIRLY LARGE DOSES REQUIRED n RELATIVELY SAFE INSECTICIDES
METAL TOXICITY t GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
METAL TOXICITY t ALKALINE EARTH METALS n Na, K, Ca, Fe t ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS n Zn, Mg, Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, Cr, I, Me, Se
METAL TOXICITY t GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY n MOLECULAR SITE OF ACTION n ABSORPTION n ORGAN SELECTIVITY
METAL TOXICITY t GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY n SOLUBILITY n ELECTROCHEMICAL NATURE n ABILITY TO FORM STABLE LIGANDS OR CHELATES
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IA (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) » ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS » EXCESSIVE INTAKE CAN INDUCE TOXICITY
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IB (Cu, Ag, Au) » BASICALLY NON-TOXIC
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IIA (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) » BASICALLY NON-TOXIC » BERYLLIUM CAUSES LUNG FIBROSIS
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IIB (Zn, Cd, Hg) » FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS AFFINITY FOR THIOL BONDS » MERCURY & CADMIUM HAVE CUMULATIVE EFFECT
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IIIA (Al, In, Tl) » RARELY CAUSE INTOXICATION DUE TO LIMITED USAGE » DAMAGE INVOLVES KIDNEY & LIVER NECROSIS AND SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IIIB (Sc, Y, and LANTHANIDES) » LOW SOLUBILITY AND RARITY OF EXPOSURE » THORIUM IS AN EXCEPTION DUE TO RADIOACTIVITY
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IVA (Ge, Sn, Pb) » GERMANIUM & TIN ARE OF LOW SOLUBILITY AND TOXICITY n ORGANIC FORMS CAUSE NEUROTOXICITY » LEAD - INORGANIC & ORGANIC FORMS HIGHLY TOXIC
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP IVB (Ti, Zr, Hf) » LOW SOLUBILITY AND TOXICITY » ZIRCONIUM PRODUCES HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SKIN & LUNG n DEODORANTS n HAIR SPRAYS
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP V (ARSENIC [As]) » EXPOSURE MAINLY IN MANUFACTURING n WEED KILLERS n WOOD PERSERVATIVES n INSECTICIDES
METAL TOXICITY t TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS n. GROUP V (ARSENIC [As]) » As 2 O 5 BROKEN DOWN TO As 2 O 3 (MORE TOXIC FORM) » PROGRESSIVE NEUROPATHY, ANEMIA AND ULCERATION OF NASAL SEPTUM » CANCER OF SKIN, LUNG AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY TEMPERATURE INCREASED DECREASED AMPHETAMINES COCAINE BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS FLUOROACETATE HEXACHLOROBENZENE SALICYLATES TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS ALCOHOLS BARBITURATES CLONIDINE GLUTETHIMIDE HALOPERIDOL PHENOTHIAZINES
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY PULSE BRADYCARDIA ARRHYTHMIAS ALCOHOLS CARBAMATES ORGANOPHOSPHATES ARSENIC CAFFEINE SOLVENTS
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY RESPIRATORY RATE INCREASED DECREASED CARBON MONOXIDE CYANIDE FLUOROACETATE HEXACHLOROBENZENE METHANOL NITRITES ALCOHOLS CO CYANIDE PHENOTHIAZINES
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASED DECREASED AMPHETAMINES BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS COCAINE PHENCYCLIDINE BARBITURATES CYANIDE IRON NITRITES
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SKIN DRY ANTIHISTAMINES BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS GLUTETHIMIDE MOIST ALCOHOLS ARSENIC CARBAMATES MERCURY ORGANOPHOSPHATES THALLIUM
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SKIN COLOR FLUSHED CYANOTIC ALCOHOLS BORIC ACID CARBON MONOXIDE MSG NITRITES ANILINE DYES CO CYANIDE NITRITES
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY SKIN COLOR JAUNDICED ANILINE DYES ARSENIC ARSINE GAS CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IRON PHOSPHORUS
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ODORS ACETONE: ACETONE, ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AROMATIC: HYDROCARBONS BITTER ALMONDS: CYANIDE GARLIC: ARSENIC, DMSO, ORGANOPHOSPHATES, TELLURIUM, THALLIUM PEARS: CHLORAL HYDRATE ROTTEN EGGS: HYDROGEN SULFIDE SHOE POLISH: NITROBENZENE VIOLETS: TURPENTINE WINTERGREEN: METHYLSALICYLATE
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT VOMITING PAIN ACIDS ALKALI ARSENIC CAMPHOR IRON FLUORIDE ARSENIC IRON BLACK WIDOW
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONVULSIONS COMA CAMPHOR CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS LEAD NICOTINE ORGANOPHOSPHATES PHENOTHIAZINES ALCOHOL CARBAMATES CO CYANIDE HYDROCARBONS H 2 S LEAD ORGANOPHOSPHATES
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ATAXIA ALCOHOLS HYDROCARBONS PHENYTOIN PARALYSIS CARBAMATES THALLIUM ORGANOPHOSPHATES
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ANTIDOTES t COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST n OXYGEN FOR CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING t NONCOMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST n ATROPINE FOR ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ANTIDOTES t CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION n SODIUM THIOSULFATE FOR CYANIDE POISONING t METABOLIC INHIBITION n ETHANOL FOR METHANOL POISONING
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ANTIDOTES t OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS n METHYLENE BLUE FOR METHEMOGLOBINEMIA (CYANIDE) t CHELATING AGENTS n CALCIUM EDTA FOR LEAD OR ZINC POISONING n DIMERCAPROL (BAL) FOR ARSENIC POISONING
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