General Pathology I v v Introduction Methods Pathology

General Pathology I v v Introduction Methods

Pathology science on diseases – causes (etiology) – mechanisms of formation (pathogenesis) – development (prognosis)

Pathology v v general special – organ – nosological (nosos= illness)

Methodology of Pathology Observation subject u necropsy (autopsy) biopsy cytology u experiment u u – animals – tissue cultures

Methodology of Pathology Observation level u u u macroscopy microscopy ultrastructure Special methods u histochemistry u immunohistochemistry u quantitative (computer) image analysis u genetic methods – FISH, PCR, CGH, …

Autopsy u After v the 2 nd world war standing decrease abroad < 10%, Czech Rep. < 50% u Aims – clinicopathological diagnosis – cause of death – dg. errors – therapy effects assessment – data on old and new diseases – teaching – event. medicolegal aspects of death

Autopsy dissection method unchanged since the end of 19 th century u changes in taking material for special methods & their employment to cope with clinical questions u

Clinicopathological Diagnosis u Morbus principalis Complicationes Causa mortis Inventus accesorius u Epicrisis u u u

Biopsy u After the 2 nd world war standing increase u Aims – nosological diagnosis – tumour pathology – – staging, grading evaluation of therapy efficiency

„Classical“ Biopsy (formol paraffin technique) u u simple may be done in two days immuno reactions two days more further sectioning two days more oncol. dg. - WHO classification

Peroperation Biopsy. Frozen section u u reported DURING MINUTES !!! morphological artefacts (combination with cytology) limited extensity of investigation limited time

Cytology u After the 2 nd world war standing increase u Aims – screening – nosological diagnosis – evaluation of therapy efficiency

Morphological Diagnostic Methods v Clinical v Pathological

Morphological Diagnostic Methods v Clinical: v macroscopy of lesions v visible with the naked eye invisible with the naked eye IMAGING (X-ray, sonography, scintigraphy, endoscopy, CT, …) v v magnifying glass - colposcopy

Morphological Diagnostic Methods v Pathological v macroscopy v microscopy v ultrastructure v IMAGING

Morphometric Investigations objectivisation & refinement of diagnostic methods staging (e. g. malignant melanoma) grading (e. g. kidney carcinoma)

Pathology an extremely exciting medical specialty helping to understand & treat the diseases via diagnostic service for all other specialties