GENERAL PARASITOLOGY DR NEHA HASWANI MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY v

• MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY v. Study of v. Animal parasites v. Infect and cause

TAXONOMY • • Binomial nomenclature s/by Linnaeus 2 names: a genus and a species

PARASITE v v Living organism Lives in or upon another organism Derrives benefit Without

v. CLASSIFIED AS: v. ECTOPARASITE- INFESTATION v. ENDOPARASITES-INFECTION v. OBLIGATE v. FACULTATIVE v. ACCIDENTAL

HOST v. Organism which harbours, provides shelter and nourishment to the parasite. v. Types:

HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP v. SYMBIOSIS: v close association v. Interdependent v. None is harmed

v. PARASITISM: v. Parasite derives benefit from the host. v. Always causesbinjury to the

v CARRIER: v. Infected v. No clinical or sub clinical disease v. Can transmit

TRANSMISSION v. SOURCE: v. Man- anthroponoses v. Animal- zoonoses v. Vectors v. Contaminated soil

v MODE: v Oral or feco-oral v. Penetration of skin amd mucous membrane v.

LIFE CYCLE v Direct/Simple life cycle: v. Requires only one host v. Eg. Entamoeba

PATHOGENESIS v. Mechanical trauma v. SOL v. Inflammatory reactions v. Enzyme production and lytic

IMMUNOLOGY OF PARASITIC DISEASES v Depends on host and parasite factors. v. Protective immune

FACTORS INFLUENCING INNATE IMMUNITY v Age of the host v. Sex of the host

COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY v Anatomic barrier v. Physiological barriers v. Phagocytosis v. Complement

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY v CMI: v T-cell activation v. Th 1 secrete IL-2 and IFNγ

v. AMI: v. Neutralisation v. Agglutination v. Complement activation v. ADCC v. Mast cell

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS v. Identification- macro or microscopically v. Culture v. Immunodiagnostic methods v. Intradermal

TREATMENT v. Anti parasitic drugs: v. Albendazole v. Praziquantel v. Ivermectin v. Pyrantel pamoate

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GENERAL PARASITOLOGY DR. NEHA HASWANI

• MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY v. Study of v. Animal parasites v. Infect and cause diseases v. Human beings

TAXONOMY • • Binomial nomenclature s/by Linnaeus 2 names: a genus and a species Discoverers Greek or latin words of geographicl area Habitat Hosts Size and shape

PARASITE v v Living organism Lives in or upon another organism Derrives benefit Without giving any benefit

v. CLASSIFIED AS: v. ECTOPARASITE- INFESTATION v. ENDOPARASITES-INFECTION v. OBLIGATE v. FACULTATIVE v. ACCIDENTAL v. ABERRANT OR WANDERING

HOST v. Organism which harbours, provides shelter and nourishment to the parasite. v. Types: v. Definitive host: parasite replicates sexually. v. Intermediate host: parasite replicates asexually. v. Reservoir host: harbours the parasite and act as a source. v. Paratenic hosts: lives but cannot develop further v. Amplifier host: lives and multiplies exponentially.

HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP v. SYMBIOSIS: v close association v. Interdependent v. None is harmed v. COMMENSALISM: v. Only parasite derives benefit v. Host is not harmed. v. Capable of living an independent life.

v. PARASITISM: v. Parasite derives benefit from the host. v. Always causesbinjury to the host v. Host gets no benefit v. DISEASE: Cl. Manifestations of infection i. e activepresence and replication of the parasite.

v CARRIER: v. Infected v. No clinical or sub clinical disease v. Can transmit the infection to others.

TRANSMISSION v. SOURCE: v. Man- anthroponoses v. Animal- zoonoses v. Vectors v. Contaminated soil and water v. Raw or undercooked meat v. Otyhers like fish crab or aquatic plants

v MODE: v Oral or feco-oral v. Penetration of skin amd mucous membrane v. Sexual contact v. Bite of vectors v. Vertical transmission v. Blood transfusion v. Autoinfection

LIFE CYCLE v Direct/Simple life cycle: v. Requires only one host v. Eg. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides v. Indirect/ Complex life cycle: v Requires 2 or 3 hosts v. Eg. Leishmania spp, Trypanosoma spp, Plasmodium spp, Toxoplasma gondii

PATHOGENESIS v. Mechanical trauma v. SOL v. Inflammatory reactions v. Enzyme production and lytic necrosis v. Toxins v. Allergic manifestations v. Neoplasia v. Secondary bacterial infections

IMMUNOLOGY OF PARASITIC DISEASES v Depends on host and parasite factors. v. Protective immune response: v Innate v. Acquired v. Harmful immune responses v. Evasion mechanisms

FACTORS INFLUENCING INNATE IMMUNITY v Age of the host v. Sex of the host v. Nutritional status v. Genetic constitution

COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY v Anatomic barrier v. Physiological barriers v. Phagocytosis v. Complement v. Natural killer cells

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY v CMI: v T-cell activation v. Th 1 secrete IL-2 and IFNγ v. Th-2 secrete IL-4, 5, 6, 10 which activate B cells v. IL-5 is chemoattarctant for eosinophils…so “EOSINOPHILIA” common.

v. AMI: v. Neutralisation v. Agglutination v. Complement activation v. ADCC v. Mast cell degranulation.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS v. Identification- macro or microscopically v. Culture v. Immunodiagnostic methods v. Intradermal skin tests v. Molecular methods v. Xenodiagnosis v. Animal inoculation v. Imaging techniques

TREATMENT v. Anti parasitic drugs: v. Albendazole v. Praziquantel v. Ivermectin v. Pyrantel pamoate v. Furazolione v. Metronidazole v. Surgical management.