General Causes of World War I MAIN Militarism

General Causes of World War I (MAIN) • Militarism: increased arms race and using the military as diplomatic tool • Alliance System: Europe formed two large “armed camps” (Allies and Central Powers)

General Causes of World War I (MAIN) • Imperialism: competition for colonies and control of trade • Nationalism: focusing on self-interest of each nation; love for only your country A British WWI Battleship

The Exact Cause of World War I • The assassination of the Austrian prince Franz Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I. • Austria declared war on Serbia. • Within weeks, the European continent was at war!

Allies • Britain • France • United States • Russia • Italy Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria

World War I • “The Great War” 1914 -1918 • Involved 30 nations / 6 continents • Central Powers - Germany, A-H vs. Allies - GB, France & Russia • 15 million killed • 80% deaths caused from disease, starvation & wounds • Bloodiest war ever up to that point (new weapons old tactics) • Europe was suspicious & competitive w/ one another • MAIN –Militarism, alliances, imperialism & Nationalism causes of WWI

American Neutrality? • Wilson will beat Taft & TR when they divide Republican vote. (gov. of NJ) • Remain neutral 3 of 4 years • Wilson will win re-election on slogan: “he kept us out of the war” • Immigrants followed war closely because ties to Europe (11 million w/ ties to Central P. ) • (NW(allies) v. SE (Central) immigrants) (old immigrants v. new immigrants) • Wilson’s cabinet pro-G. B, Banks pro. G. B ($2 billion)=U. S. $ tied to allied victory (Big Business tied to G. B. ) • Trans Atlantic telegraph/telephone cable to G. B not Europe. • yellow press make Germans look aggressive (fake news)

British Blockade & German U-boat response • Fighting on land at stalemate (trench warfare) • G. B. w/ Naval strength set blockade along German coast & by 1917 (3 yrs) taking effectfamine =750, 000 Germans (civilians) starved to death • what strategy & from what American war? • anaconda effect- Civil War • Germans responded w/ U-Boats (new weapon) 1 st month sank 90 ships /75, 000 deaths (fraction of starvation deaths) • Anything headed to G. B. sunk w/ out warning (too risky to warn-violates international rules of warfare- 1. warn target to stop 2. send boarding party 3. allow time for crew to board lifeboats before sinking ship(ex. of new weapons old tactics) Unrestricted Submarine warfare • What other new weapons with old style tactics? video

Lusitania • German U-Boat sank British Luxury Liner off coast of Ireland (carrying 4, 200 cases of ammunition) • Unknown to her passengers but no secret to the Germans, almost all her hidden cargo consisted of munitions for war effort. • 1, 198 killed (94 children & 35 infants) 128 Americans • Moral Wilson objected calling it barbaric act • Germany defense: • 1. carrying munitions • 2. warnings in U. S. papers • 3. U-Boat rendered useless if follow rules of warfare • 4. Lusitania sister ship carried troops • 5. 750, 000 Germans are starving to death

German U-boat sinking zone

Yellow Journalism

Yellow Journalism

Yellow Journalism

U. S. Reaction to Lusitania • Shock & anger –act of mass murder & piracy (moral Wilson-rules of warfare shattered!) (war hysteria) • 2 Pt. compare chemical weapons used today to submarine warfare ww. I • Divided Country: Eastern U. S. wanted war / Western U. S. still stay out. • Wilson didn’t want to lead disunited country to war • TR called Wilson a coward (Americans followed w/ terms like: dud shells called “Wilsons”) jingoism-war hysteria (TR about Wilson: “If Lincoln acted like Wilson after Ft. Sumter, the North would have been saying we are so glad he kept us out of the war”) • G. B. regarded us as cowards too (audiences in GB booed when U. S. mentioned in theaters)

German U-Boat Activity Cont. (UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE) • May 7, 1915 Lusitania sunk 128 Americans • Aug 1915 Arabic (G. B. ) sunk (2 U. S. citizens) • Wilson warns Germany & Germany agrees not to sink passenger liners anymore (doesn’t want U. S. joining) why? • March 24, 1916 -Germans sunk French vessel Sussex(50 died) (2 Americans wounded) & Wilson warned Germany again • Sussex Pledge -Germany agree to stop if U. S. got G. B. to modify blockade & allow food into Germany • (Wilson agreed but couldn’t convince G. B. ) (remember 750, 000 Germans starving to death because of blockade) (FAILED) Germany weighed starvation against cont. U -boat activity = Germany decides to attack anything in war zone

Zimmermann Note • March 1, 1917 (Wilson had sent in forces into Mexico-ABC Affair) • German Foreign sec. sent a telegram to German ambassador in Mexico. Ex. Sec of State sending message to German ambassador to Mexico • Tried to get alliance between Mexico & Germany (when Germany committed to cont. unrestricted submarine warfare after Sussex pledge failed) • promise Mexico help in recovering lost lands in Mexican War (TX, NM, AZ) (Mexican War 1846 -48 0 nly 69 yrs ago) • Germans strategy: Using strained relations w/ Mexico against us. • Strategy: if Mexico declares war on U. S. , we will be too busy at home to fight in Europe (can’t turn the tide of the stalemate if fighting in SW U. S. ) Is this a smart stagey & why or why not? • The telegram was caught by the British before it could get to Mexico (British trying to sway U. S. opinion) Western part of country upset now & want war (now U. S. unified in wanting war) • On another note: 1915 German spy left briefcase on subway detailing plans for industrial sabotage –fueled fire for War too

Russian Revolution • Feb. 1917 • Russia Communist rebels overthrew czar & assassinated entire family (Anastasia, Rasputin, & sick son) • Bolshevik Revolution • Karl Marx Communist Manifesto playing out 1 st time: Communist take over & exit war • With Russia out, stalemate will end because Germany doesn’t have to fight 2 front war. Yikes! • U. S. fearful Germans will start to win so more pressure to join war $2 B

Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of War • April 2, 1917 Wilson delivered War resolution (knew little about foreign policy – all studies were on domestic issues • Wilson’s desire to “make the world safe for democracy” (highlight) • Only 6 senators & 50 representatives voted against it • “it is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war…but the right is more precious than peace. . . we shall fight…for democracy. ” • all the Entente powers were democracies now)(all central powers were monarchies or dictatorships) (moral diplomacy cont. ) video the U. S. in World War I 3: 33 (saved on laptop) stopped here thur

• What did Wilson do about banking that is still with us today? (show map) • Now that the U. S. had territories in Guam & Philippines, why were we disappointed with trade in China, how did we resolve this and what is this called? & who was the Sec of state who orchestrated the policy? • Why did Latin Americans resent how the Panama Canal land was acquired by the U. S. ? “Rape of Panama” & what did they nickname TR’s foreign policy? • How did Taft change his foreign policy in Latin America and what was this called? • How was Wilson able to win the Presidency and be the first Democrat since Andrew Johnson? • Explain the two sides of the Great War & why the U. S. was divided? • How is the U-Boat an example of new industrialized weaponry using old style warfare? • What was the Lusitania & Explain the German’s justifications for sinking her? • What was the Zimmerman Note & how did it galvanize the West for war? Why was there real fear with this note? • What happened in Russia & how did that impact the U. S. decision to enter the war? • What justification did Wilson use to take us to war?

Selective Service Draft • Only 200, 000 men in military at time of WWI (only 1, 500 machine guns, 55 airplanes) • Required all men 21 to 30 register for the draft (24 m. registered) • Draft not necessary since Civil War so many in Congress opposed the draft • A lottery determined the order the men would go (IQ test) • 2. 8 million men drafted (2 m. volunteered)(viewed it as adventure) • 12 weeks after declaration of war U. S. men landed in France • 400, 000 Blacks drafted & served in segregated units • Woman -1 st time woman officially served in non-combat positions = 11, 000 & 20, 000 nurses • Gen. John J. Pershing was commander of the American Expeditionary Force (chased Pancha Villa) (1 rule by Wilson =keep separate U. S. force) (allies wanted to use dough boys as plugs in allied lines)

New Work Force • w/ large # men in military, employers hire women (1 million women joined work force & 8 million moved up to better jobs)(most demoted when men returned from war) (helps fight for right to vote & get 19 th amendment 1920) • Desperate for workers, Henry Ford & other owners sent recruiters into the South to get African Americans to take jobs left by men (Blacks in South still sharecropping) • 300, 000 to 500, 000 leave South & move to Northern cities =The Great Migration • Greatly altered racial makeup of cities like Chicago, NY, Cleveland, & Detroit (Lead to race riots in North after war)

War Industries Board • Wilson est. 5, 000 agencies to win the war (to convert factories to wartime goods) • federal govt & private companies must work together for the war effort (capitalism @ war) • Est. to coordinate the production of war materials. • Decided what factories would produce what war time goods ex. dress factory transformed into uniforms, • sneaker factory transformed into boots for soldiers, • model T car factory transformed into Jeeps and tank factory • Also allocate raw materials for war effort • If no even match up then ordered the construction of new factories -Goal is to: “to operate the whole U. S. as a single factory dominated by one manager”

• Run by Herbert Hoover (future president) Food Administration Board Responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption (volunteer rationing) • “Food will win the war –Don’t waste it” encouraged families to conserve food & grow their own vegetables victory gardens • Campaigns such as: Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, & Porkless Thursdays • Families leave more food for the troops (feeding allied troops) • U. S. govt bought entire U. S. wheat crop $2. 26 bushel (high) (farm supply up)

• Committee Public Information –lead by journalist George Creel (Master of Propaganda) – Goal = sell the war to America – Posters, news reels, spin the war – 4 minute men speeches

• Illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere w/ the war effort Espionage – Sedition • Made it illegal to speak against the war publicly (violates what? ? ? ) Allowed govt to prosecute Act – anyone who criticized the govt or war effort omg! • 1, 000 convictions (sounds a lot like what? ) Wilson upset by opposition to war effort: • Adam’s Alien Sedition Act - Any differences? • What is meant by Sedition • “Conduct or speech inciting people to rebel” • Schenck mailed letters urging dodging of draft & found guilty (arrested & sent to prison 10 yrs) • 1 st Amendment violations but Supreme Court ruled in times of clear & present danger it is ok to block free speech - Schenck v. U. S. 1919 • Eugene Debs (who was he? ? )went to jail again under this act for speaking against war)

The War Ends • 19 months after U. S. entry into WWI (U. S. deciding factor – fresh U. S. war materials & men tipped the balance of war & led to Germany’s defeat) 250, 000 Americans arriving a month • Germans mutinied & group of soldiers & workers seized power • German Emperor stepped down • 2 days later armistice = 11 th hour, 11 th day, 11 th month, of 1918 WWI ended (what day is this holiday today? ) • Cost U. S. $44 million a day ($33 billion total) (about $10 billion went to allies in loans) • 1/3 raised through taxation (income, corporate & excise taxes on theater, gum & records) 16 th amend. • Borrowed rest $20 billion from U. S. people through bonds (20% pop. bought bonds)

9, 000 Dead

Treaty of Versailles • Treaty ending WWI • Defeated Central powers not invited! (big mistake why? • 9 new nations formed (Poland, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Czech. ) out of defeated country’s land (why is that significant? ) • Germany forced to pay for war damages $56 billion (destroyed German economy) why is that significant? ) • Wilson’s 14 points (League of Nations) – self-determination, Freedom of Seas, abolish secret treaties, no tariffs, reduce arms & League of Nation • (causes of war: MAIN how are they solved with these 14 points? ) • Allies punished & weakened Germany= determined to end German aggression once & for all (take all her colonies in Middle East, Asia & Africa) (how did that work out? )

• Wilson came home and campaigned for League of Nations on nationwide tour but lost. (Massive stroke) • Why does Wilson have to campaign for his treaty? ? Checks & balances? • U. S. Senate rejected Treaty of Versailles mainly because of League of Nations (U. S. wanted a return to isolationism)(disillusioned why we entered war) • Ultimate guide to presidency: call to duty 33: 24

Foreign Policy Propaganda Assignment • Deceitful, manipulative, persuasive or informative? However you perceive it, propaganda has been used to change the way the world thinks and behaves for thousands of years. • Propaganda can be used effectively to relay positive messages, like health recommendations or encouraging people to vote. Show propaganda pieces on teacher laptop th 4 • Due – May • Begin ch. 31