General Biology II Lab PLANTS Domain Eukarya Kingdom

General Biology II Lab - PLANTS • Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Plantae • “Bryophytes” – seedless, nonvascular o Moss, liverworts, hornworts • Tracheophytes – vascular plants • seedless vascular • Pterophytes – ferns and relatives • Lycophytes – club mosses • Seed vascular • “Gymnosperms” • Group Cycadophyta • Group Ginkgophyta • Group Gnetophyta • Group Coniferophyta • “Angiosperms” • Class Eudicots • Class Monocots General Biology II Lab 1

Nonvascular Plants • Be familiar with moss life cycle (found in your lab book) – Alternation of generations • In nonvascular plants, sporophyte generation is dependent on gametophyte generation • Sporophyte o Diploid o Sporangium – structure that produces haploid spores • Gametophyte o Haploid Gametangia: • Archegonia – female, produces egg • Antheridia – male, produces sperm • No vascular tissue, must remain small and in moist areas – Reproduction – sperm dispersal is dependent on water • Look at these slides under microscope General Biology II Lab 2

General Biology II Lab 3

Nonvascular Plants • Domain Eukarya o Kingdom Plantae • Moss • Liverwort • Observe live specimen o Be able to point out gametophyte and sporophyte • Observe live specimen o Identify gemma cup o Can asexually start new plant Lab managers – place examples of moss and liverworts General Biology II Lab 4

General Biology II Lab - PLANTS • Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Plantae • “Bryophytes” – seedless, nonvascular o Moss, liverworts, hornworts • Tracheophytes – vascular plants • seedless vascular • Pterophytes – ferns and relatives • Lycophytes – club mosses • Seed vascular • “Gymnosperms” • Group Cycadophyta • Group Ginkgophyta • Group Gnetophyta • Group Coniferophyta • “Angiosperms” • Class Eudicots • Class Monocots General Biology II Lab 5

Seedless Vascular Plants • Sporophyte generation is dominant (differs from nonvascular plants) – Gametophyte is very small compared to sporophyte • Vascular tissue – Can live in drier environments than nonvascular plants – However, they are seedless • Sexual reproduction still relies on outside moisture for sperm dispersal General Biology II Lab 6

General Biology II Lab 7

Seedless Vascular Plants • Fern – Be familiar with life cycle (look in lab book) – Look at cross-section of frond leaflet under microscope • Identify sorus, sporangium, spores – Observe fern prothallus (gametophyte) under dissecting scope Lab managers – place examples of ferns and club mosses General Biology II Lab 8

General Biology II Lab - PLANTS • Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Plantae • “Bryophytes” – seedless, nonvascular o Moss, liverworts, hornworts • Tracheophytes – vascular plants • seedless vascular • Pterophytes – ferns and relatives • Lycophytes – club mosses • Seed vascular • “Gymnosperms” • Group Cycadophyta • Group Ginkgophyta • Group Gnetophyta • Group Coniferophyta • “Angiosperms” • Class Eudicots • Class Monocots Lab managers – place examples of gymnosperm groups General Biology II Lab 9

Seed Plants • Seed – structure that contains the next sporophyte generation • The seed protects the embryo • Be familiar with seed plant life cycle • Sporophyte generation is dominant • Gametophyte is very small (microscopic) • Comparison: – Remember that with nonvascular plants, gametophyte generation is dominant; with vascular seedless plants, gametophyte is smaller but can still be seen with naked eye • Sporangia • Megasporangia (female) – Produce gametophyte that is contained in ovule • Microsporangia (male) – Male gametophyte in pollen grain • Comparison: – – In seedless plants, the archegonium of the gametophyte protects the egg and the antheridium produce the sperm; after fertilization, the sporophyte grows from the gametophyte However, in seed plants, the entire female gametophyte is protected by the sporophyte in the megasporangia General Biology II Lab 10

Gymnosperms • Pine Trees • Pine sacs and ovules are located on cones • Male cone – Small • Microsporangia – produce pollen (male gametophyte) • Microscope • Observe male cone slide – look for pollen • Female cone – larger • Megasporangia in ovules – produce egg • Microscope • Observe female cone slide Lab managers – place examples of male and female cones General Biology II Lab 11

Gymnosperms Pine Cone

General Biology II Lab 13

Angiosperms – Flowering Plants • Megaspore – In the ovule – Embryo sac - 7 cells, largest has 2 nuclei • Female gametophyte • Microscope – observe lily ovule • Microspore – In anther – Becomes 2 celled pollen grain – Transferred to a stigma, pollen grain germinates • Male gametophyte • 2 sperm – double fertilization – One fertilizes egg, becomes embryo – One fertilizes 2 nuclei in large cell to produce endosperm General Biology II Lab 14

Angiosperms – Flowering Plants • Double fertilization – 2 sperm from pollen grain • One fuses with egg, other fuses with large cell with nuclei • Results in embryo and triploid endosperm – After fertilization • Ovule becomes seed – 3 generations: » 2 n parent sporophyte » 3 n gametophyte » 2 n new sporophyte • Ovary becomes fruit General Biology II Lab 15

Angiosperms – Flower Model • Be able to distinguish between eudicot and monocot flowers • Identify these structures: – Stamen • Anther – Microscope • Observe anther slide • Comparison: on this model grab anther and look at top where it is cross-sectioned, this is what you should see under the scope • Filament – Carpel • • Stigma Style Ovary Ovule – Petals – sepals General Biology II Lab managers – place flower model and examples of eudicot and monocot flowers 16

Angiosperms – Seed Germination • • Eudicot seed germination • Primary root (radicle) develops • 2 cotyledons emerge • Cotyledons are large and have almost completely taken up endosperm • In some eudicots, the cotyledons protect new plant as it pushes through soil and emerges • In other eudicots, the cotyledons stay in the soil • Primary leaves develop Monocot seed germination • Cotyledon is small and is pushed up against endosperm • Primary root develops • Coleoptile emerges, sheath that protects emerging true leaves Lab managers – place germination model General Biology II Lab 17

Angiosperms Fruits • Simple Fruits • Aggregate Fruits – develop from single ovary � Fleshy fruits �Drupes – cherry �Berries – grape, tomato – develop from numerous carpels within a single flower � Tomato – ovary has many chambers �Pomes – apple � Dry fruits �Legumes – pea �Samaras – maple �Nuts – oak, walnut �Grains – wheat, corn �sunflower, dandelion Lab managers – place some examples of fruits � Blackberries � Raspberries � Strawberries • Multiple fruits – develop from a number of ovaries of several flowers � Pineapples � Mulberries � Figs General Biology II Lab 18

Angiosperms • Meristematic (embryonic tissue) – Plant can continue to grow – Apical meristems • Terminal ends of roots, branches, stems – Shoot system – stem, branches, leaves – Root system - roots • Cells divide and differentiate into tissues – Dermal tissue – Ground tissue – Vascular tissue General Biology II Lab 19

Angiosperms - Roots • • Root Model – Identify: • Root cap • Root hairs • Zone of cell division • Zone of elongation • Zone of maturation • Look at top of model – are you looking at eudicot or monocot root? – Distinguish dermal, ground, and vascular tissue Microscope – Observe slide of eudicot root and slide of monocot root Lab managers – place root model General Biology II Lab 20

Angiosperms • Root Diversity – Tap roots – Fibrous roots – Prop roots – Pneumatophores • Mangroves have these that rise above sediment to help with gas exchange Lab managers – place some examples of different roots General Biology II Lab 21

Angiosperms • Stems – Microscope • Observe slide of eudicot stem and monocot stem – Herbaceous – nonwoody • Monocots and some eudicots General Biology II Lab 22

Angiosperms • Stem Diversity – Stolon • Strawberry plant – Rhizome • Iris – Tuber • Potato – Just because it’s underground does not mean it’s a root, think about if you let a potato sit in your pantry for too long – what starts to grow from it? – Corm • Bulb looking Lab managers – place some examples of different stems General Biology II Lab 23

Angiosperms • • Woody growth – secondary growth – Proliferating xylem Model – Identify • Bark – Cork cambium – Phloem • Vascular cambium • Xylem – Summer wood – Spring wood • Taking a look at this model, can you identify what would be dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue? Lab managers – place wood model General Biology II Lab 24

Angiosperms • Leaf Model – Identify: • • • Stoma Epidermis Vein Spongy Mesophyll Palisade Mesophyll Lab managers – place leaf model General Biology II Lab 25