General Appearance of Cerebrum n n The telencephalon

General Appearance of Cerebrum n n The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure大脑纵裂 In the depths of the fissure, the corpus callosum 胼胝体connects the hemispheres across the midline The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior

Main Sulci Three principal sulci n n n Central sulcus 中央沟 Lateral sulcus 外侧沟 Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟 Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Parietooccipital sulcus

Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere Five lobes n n n Frontal lobe 额叶 Parietal lobe 顶叶 Temporal lobe 颞叶 Occipital lobe 枕叶 Insular lobe 岛叶 Insular lobe o Fr tal Parie tal lo e b o l be n be p m e T l lo a r o Occ lob ipital e

Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe n n n n Precentral sulcus 中央前沟 Precentral gyrus 中央前回 Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟 Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟 Superior frontal gyrus 额上回 Middle frontal gyrus 额中回 Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回

Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Superior, middle and inferioe frontal gyri

Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe n n n n Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟 Postcentral gyrus 中央后回 Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟 Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶 Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶 Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回 Angular gyrus 角回

Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe Postcentral gyrus Postcentral sulcus Superior parietal lobule Intraparietal sulcus Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe n n n Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟 Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟 Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回 Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回 Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回 Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe Superior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal sulcus

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe Transverse temporal gyri

Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Postcentral gyrus Postcentral sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Superior parietal lobule Inferior frontal sulcus Superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Superior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal sulcus

Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface n n n n n Corpus callosum 胼胝体 Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟 Cingulate gyrus 扣带回 Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟 Marginal ramus 缘支 Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶 Calcarine sulcus 距状沟 Cuneus 楔叶 Lingual gyrus 舌回

Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface Callosal sulcus cingulate gyrus Corpus callosum Paracentral lobule Marginal ramus Cingulate sulcus Parietooccipital sulcus Cuneus Calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface n n n n Olfactory bulb 嗅球 Olfactory tract 嗅束 Olfactory trigone 嗅三角 Anterior perforated substance 前穿质 Collateral sulcus 侧副沟 Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟 Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回 Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟 Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回 Uncus 钩 Hippocampus 海马 Dentate gyrus 齿状回

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone Uncus Ant. Perforated substance Occipitotemporal sulcus Parahippocampalgyrus Collateral sulcus Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus Medial occipitotemporal gyrus

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface Hippocampus Dentate gyrus Hippocampal formation 海马结构

Histology of Cerebral Cortex n n n Archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构) 3 cell layers Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑) Neocortex 新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex) 6 cell layers

Functional Location of Cerebral Cortex

First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区 Position: Located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule

First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区 Characters n n Representation is inverted, but head and face are upright A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei Sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements

First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区

First Somatic Motor Area第Ⅰ躯体运动区

First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区 Position: Lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule

First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区 Characters n Sensory representation, like motor area, is crossed and inverted n Receiving fibers from ventral n posterior nucleus Interpret sensation from opposite side of body

First Somatic Sensory Area第Ⅰ躯体感觉区

Visual Area 视觉区 n n n Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections

Auditory Area 听觉区 n n Located in transverse temporal gyri Receive auditory information from both ears

n n n Vestibular area平衡觉区: located in front of superior temporal gyrus Olfactory area 嗅觉区: located near the uncus Taste area 味觉区: located at frontal operculum

Language Area 语言中枢 It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person n Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢 Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus q Damage: motor aphasia Writing area 书写中枢 q Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus q Damage: agraphia Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢 q Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus q Lesion: sensory aphasia q n n n Visual speech area 视觉性语言中枢 q Located in angular gyrus q Lesion: alexia

Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室 n Position: located in cerebral hemispheres n Four parts q q Central part: lies in parietal lobe Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe Posterior horn: extend into occipital lobe Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe

Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室 Transverse MRI scan, at the level of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室 n Communication lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle

Basal Nuclei 基底核 Globus pallidus 苍白球－paleostriatum 旧纹状体 n Corpus striatum Putamen 壳 纹状体 q Lentiform nucleus 豆状核 q Caudate nucleus 尾状核 n n Claustrum 屏状核 Amygdaloid body 杏仁体 Neostriatum 新纹状体

Basal Nuclei 基底核 Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Claustrum

White Matter Association fibers 联络纤维 n n n Run between gyri within the same hemisphere Cerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维 Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束 Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束 Uncinate fasciculus 钩束 Cingulum 扣带

White Matter Commissural fibers 连合纤维 n Corpus callosum 胼胝体 q q n n Rostrum 胼胝体嘴 Genu 胼胝体膝 Trunk 胼胝体干 Splenium 胼胝体压部 Anterior commissure 前连合 Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合

White Matter Projection fibers 投射纤维 connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers ★Internal capsule n Position: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus

Internal Capsule 内囊 Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus Dorsal thalamus

Internal Capsule 内囊 Three parts n Anterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢 q Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus q Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation n Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝 q q n Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet Containing corticonuclear tract Posterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢 q q Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipitotemporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation

Anterior thalamic radiation Head of caudate nucleus Frontopontine tract Corticonuclear tract Corticospinal tract Dorsal thalamus Central thalamic radiation Medial geniculate body Lateral geniculate body Lentiform nucleus Corticorubral tract Parieto-occipitotemporo-pontine tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation

Limbic System 边缘系统 n Composition q q n Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’