General Anatomy What is Anatomy Anatomy morphology is

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General Anatomy

General Anatomy

What is Anatomy? ØAnatomy (= morphology): is a branch of biological science which deals

What is Anatomy? ØAnatomy (= morphology): is a branch of biological science which deals with the form and structure of organism. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØMacroscopic Anatomy(Gross anatomy): It is the study of form and structure of the body

ØMacroscopic Anatomy(Gross anatomy): It is the study of form and structure of the body by naked eye using simple instruments e. g. Scalpels & forcepses 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØMicroscopic anatomy (Histology): is the study of different tissues and cells. using microscope (light

ØMicroscopic anatomy (Histology): is the study of different tissues and cells. using microscope (light & electron). 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØDevelopmental anatomy: is the study of the changes which organisms undergo from the time

ØDevelopmental anatomy: is the study of the changes which organisms undergo from the time of conception through birth, maturity till death. ØEmbryology: developmental changes occurring prior to birth (prenatal development). 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØComparative Anatomy: comparison of the structures of animals (similarities and differences). 12/23/2021 1: 27

ØComparative Anatomy: comparison of the structures of animals (similarities and differences). 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØSpecial anatomy: study of the structure of single species. e. g. horse anatomy, camel

ØSpecial anatomy: study of the structure of single species. e. g. horse anatomy, camel anatomy 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Methods of studying anatomy 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Methods of studying anatomy 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØSystematic anatomy: Osteolgy: The description of the skeleton (bone and cartilage). Syndesmology (Arthrology): The

ØSystematic anatomy: Osteolgy: The description of the skeleton (bone and cartilage). Syndesmology (Arthrology): The description of the jonits. Myology: The description of the muscles. Splanchnology: The description of the viscera. Angiology: The description of the blood circulation. Dermatology: The description of the skin and its structures. Neurology: The description of the nervous system. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØTopographic anatomy: The study of organ and system in the relation to their surrounding

ØTopographic anatomy: The study of organ and system in the relation to their surrounding parts. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØApplied anatomy: The consideration of anatomical facts in their relation to the clinical aspects

ØApplied anatomy: The consideration of anatomical facts in their relation to the clinical aspects 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Topographic terms 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Topographic terms 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØDorsal: Structures lie toward the back (dorsum). e. g. the kidneys are dorsal to

ØDorsal: Structures lie toward the back (dorsum). e. g. the kidneys are dorsal to the intestine. Ø Ventral: Structures lie toward the belly (ventrum). e. g. the intestine is ventral to the kidneys. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØCranial: Structures lie toward the head (cranium). e. g. the thorax is cranial to

ØCranial: Structures lie toward the head (cranium). e. g. the thorax is cranial to the abdomen. N. B. within the head, structures toward the muzzle are said to be rostral (rostrum) Ø Caudal: Structures lie toward the tail. e. g. the abdomen is caudal to thorax. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØMedial (internal): Structures lie toward median plane. e. g. the heart is medial to

ØMedial (internal): Structures lie toward median plane. e. g. the heart is medial to the lung. Ø Lateral (external): Structures lie away from median plane. e. g. the ribs are lateral to the lungs. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØSuperficial: Towards the surface. Ø Deep: Away from the surface. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØSuperficial: Towards the surface. Ø Deep: Away from the surface. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

ØIn the limbs: Proximal: structures near the body. Distal: structures further away from the

ØIn the limbs: Proximal: structures near the body. Distal: structures further away from the body. N. B. Below the carpal joint: Cranial Dorsal Caudal Palmar N. B. Below the tarsal joint: Cranial Dorsal Caudal plantar 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Planes of the body 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Planes of the body 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Median plane: any longitudinal plane dividing the body into similar halves (right &

Median plane: any longitudinal plane dividing the body into similar halves (right & left). Sagittal plane: any plane parallel to the median plane. Transverse plane: passing through the body at right angles to the median plane; divides the body into cranial and caudal part. Frontal plane: it is at right angles to median and transverse plane. It divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

General osteology 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

General osteology 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Osteology: The study of the bone which form the skeleton. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Osteology: The study of the bone which form the skeleton. 12/23/2021 1: 27 AM

Function of the bones: Give rigidity and form of the body. Act as levers

Function of the bones: Give rigidity and form of the body. Act as levers with which the attaching muscles in it, so it help in locomotion. protection of vital organs e. g. brain, heart. Site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production). Storage of minerals e. g. calcium and phosphorus. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

Classification of the skeleton Ø Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Ø

Classification of the skeleton Ø Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Ø Appendicular skeleton: Bones of limbs. Ø Splanchnic (visceral) skeleton: Certain bones that developed in some viscera or soft organs e. g. os cordis of ox, os penis of dog 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

Ø Exoskeleton: Protecting structures are situated externally e. g. feather, hair, scales of the

Ø Exoskeleton: Protecting structures are situated externally e. g. feather, hair, scales of the fishes, shield of turtles. Ø Endoskeleton: It is embedded in the soft tissues. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

Types of bones 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

Types of bones 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØLong bones Body (diaphysis): elongated cylindrical in form with two extremities (epiphysis). Body is

ØLong bones Body (diaphysis): elongated cylindrical in form with two extremities (epiphysis). Body is tubular and encloses the medullary cavity which contains bone marrow. Act as levers, support, locomotion. e. g. femur 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØShort bones They present somewhat similar dimentions in length, breadth, thickness. There is no

ØShort bones They present somewhat similar dimentions in length, breadth, thickness. There is no marrow cavity. Absorption of concussions. e. g. carpal bones. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØFlat bones Consist of two plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone and

ØFlat bones Consist of two plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone and marrow. Have two surfaces. protection of the vital organs, large areas for attachment of the muscles e. g. scapula, skull. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØIrregular bones irregular shape Protection, support, muscular attachment. e. g. vertebrae. 12/23/2021 1: 28

ØIrregular bones irregular shape Protection, support, muscular attachment. e. g. vertebrae. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØPneumatic bones Contain air spaces or sinuses. e. g. frontal bone , some long

ØPneumatic bones Contain air spaces or sinuses. e. g. frontal bone , some long bones in birds. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØMarrow: It occupies the marrow spaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity of the

ØMarrow: It occupies the marrow spaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity of the long bone Red marrow: blood forming place. e. g in sternum (the best place for aspiration and examination of marrow. • Yellow marrow: fat tissue. degeneration of the cells and fatty infiltration. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

Descriptive terms Projections articular • Head • Condyle • Trochlea • facet Non articular

Descriptive terms Projections articular • Head • Condyle • Trochlea • facet Non articular • process • Tuberosit • Tubercle • Crest • Spine • Neck • line Depressions articular • Glenoid cavity • Cotyloid cavity • notch Non articular • fossa • fovea • Foramen • canal 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØProjections: • Articular projections: v. Head: spherical articular projection e. g. head of humerus.

ØProjections: • Articular projections: v. Head: spherical articular projection e. g. head of humerus. vcondyle: more or less cylindical articular projection e. g. Condyles on distal end of humerus. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

vtrochlea: pully like articular projection e. g. trochlea of the femur. vfacet: relatively flat

vtrochlea: pully like articular projection e. g. trochlea of the femur. vfacet: relatively flat articular surface e. g. distal end of radius. • Non articular projections: vprocess: general term for a bony projection e. g. mastoid process in the skull. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

v. Tuberosity: larger non articular projection e. g. teres major tuberosity of humerus. v.

v. Tuberosity: larger non articular projection e. g. teres major tuberosity of humerus. v. Tubercle: smaller non articular projection e. g. psoas tubercle of ilium. v. Crest: terms for sharp ridge e. g. trochanteric crest of femur. vspine: pointed projection e. g. spine of scapula. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

v. Neck: connects the body with head e. g. neck of humerus. v. Line:

v. Neck: connects the body with head e. g. neck of humerus. v. Line: small mark on the bone e. g. popliteal line on the tibia. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

ØDepressions: Articular depressions: v. Glenoid cavity: shallow articular cavity e. g. Glenoid cavity of

ØDepressions: Articular depressions: v. Glenoid cavity: shallow articular cavity e. g. Glenoid cavity of the scapula. v. Cotyloid cavity: deep articular cavity e. g. acetabulum. v. Notch: articular e. g. semilunar notch of ulna. non articular e. g. ischiatic notch of pelvic bone. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

Non articular depressions: v. Fossa: large non articular depression e. g. subscapular fossa. v.

Non articular depressions: v. Fossa: large non articular depression e. g. subscapular fossa. v. Fovea: small non articular depression e. g. fovea capitis v. Foramen: circumscribed hole e. g. nutrient foramen. v. Canal: tunnel through one or more bones e. g. infraorbital canal. 12/23/2021 1: 28 AM

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