General Anatomy Bones Approximately 206 bones in adult

General Anatomy

Bones Approximately 206 bones in adult human l Functions l 1. 2. 3. Protect and support the body Produce red blood cells Store minerals (like calcium)

5 TYPES OF BONES 1. Long Bones l Tubular and hollow l Length is greater than the width l Can withstand heavy stress – weight bearing l Examples: l Femur l Radius l Humerus l Metacarpals l Phalanges

5 TYPES OF BONES 2. Short Bones l Contains spongy tissue with thin, hard surface l Shapes tend to be more round than flat l Examples: l Carpals (Hand) l Tarsals (Feet)

5 TYPES OF BONES 3. Flat Bones l Have broad, smooth surfaces l Examples: l Parietal l Ilium l Ribs

5 Types of Bones 4. Irregular Bones l Have various shapes l Examples: l Vertebrae l Scapula

5 Types of Bones 5. Sesamoid l Enveloped in a tendon l Example: l Patella (kneecap)

Bones l Axial Skeleton l Head and trunk l 81 bones l Skull and ear = 26 l Vertebral Column = 26 l Ribs = 24 (12 pairs) l Sternum

Bones l Appendicular Skeleton l Arms and legs l 126 bones l Hand, arm, shoulder = 32 each l Foot, leg, hip = 31 each

3 TYPES OF JOINTS 1. Fibrous – no movement (bones of skull)

3 TYPES OF JOINTS Cartilaginous – little movement (ribs, pubis symphysis, and spine) 2.

3 TYPES OF JOINTS 3. Synovial – allow for movement (shoulder, knee, ankle, etc)

Synovial Joints l Bones do not come into contact with each other l Space l is called joint cavity Cavity is lined with synovial membrane l Synovial l membrane produces synovial fluid Joint is stabilized by joint capsule and ligaments

Types of Synovial Joints l Ball and Socket l Head of bone shaped like a ball – fits in to cup shaped socket l Examples l Shoulder l Hip

Types of Synovial Joints l Hinge l Convex surface of one bone fits with concave surface of the other both l One motion is possible l Example l Knee l Elbow

Types of Synovial Joints l Pivot l. A projection of one bone pivots within/around another bone l Only motion possible is rotation l Example l Joint between radius and ulna l 1 st two cervical vertebrae

Types of Synovial Joints l Saddle l Two saddle shape bones fit together l Example l Joint between thumb and hand

Types of Synovial Joints l Gliding l Flat or curved surface of bones fit together l Allows some sliding or twisting l Example l Bones of ankle (tarsals) l Bones of wrist (carpals)

Types of Synovial Joints l Condyloid l Oval shape of one bone fits into curved cavity of the other l Rotation is not possible l Example l Joint between fingers (phalanges) and hand (metacarpals)

OTHER JOINT STRUCTURES l LIGAMENTS l Connect bone to bone l Make joints stable

OTHER JOINT STRUCTURES l MENISCUS l Shock absorber l Provide support and cushion to knee

OTHER JOINT STRUCTURES l BURSA l Small fluid filled sac that helps with friction around tendons and joints and provides a little cushioning

MUSCLES Over 650 muscles in the human body l 3 types of muscles l 1. Smooth l Found in walls of organs with hollow cavities l INVOLUNTARY 2. Cardiac l Heart muscle l INVOLUNTARY

MUSCLES l (con’t) 3 types of muscles 3. Skeletal l Make up the “form” of the body l Usually attach to bones via tendons l Cross a joint to produce movement l Have origins and insertions l Almost always act in groups rather than individually l VOLUNTARY

OTHER STRUCTURES l TENDONS l Connect muscle to bone

OTHER STRUCTURES l FASCIA l Connective tissue – sheet or band l Providing support and protection l Acts as a shock absorber