Gene Structure Control and Expression in Eukaryotes Transposon

ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ • Gene Structure, Control, • • • and Expression in Eukaryotes

Gene Structure, Control, and Expression in Eukaryotes Promoters Start of transcription Primary transcription Capping

Ty element I δ ε Ty Elements of Yeast δ DNA synthesis by reverse

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi N Plasmogamy N © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa Karyogamy Meiosis Dikaryon

Sexual Reproduction in Oomycota 2 N Plasmogamy Karyogamy Dikaryon Zygote N+N 2 N Meiosis

Parasexual Cycle 2 N+1 nondisjunction N 2 N Heterokariosys Diploidization nondisjunction Mitosis I +

Gene for Gene Interactions Pathogen with avr gene (A) Pathogen without avr gene (a)

Bottleneck Effect Time © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa

Founder Event Time © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa

Speciation mutation mutation common ancestor © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa

Monophyletic Taxon © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa

Paraphyletic Taxon © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa

Polyphyletic Taxon © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa

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ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ • Gene Structure, Control, • • • and Expression in Eukaryotes Transposon of Yeast Sexual Reproduction in Fungi Sexual Reproduction in Oomycota Parasexual Cycle Gene for Gene Interactions Boom and Bust Cycle Bottleneck Effect Founder Event Coast to Fitness EXIT • Speciation • Monophyletic Taxon • Paraphyletic Taxon • Polyphyletic Taxon

Gene Structure, Control, and Expression in Eukaryotes Promoters Start of transcription Primary transcription Capping and polyadenylation m 7 Gppp. Np Exon Intron 1 Ia 2 Ib 3 AUG moval UAG m 7 Gppp. Np of introns 5’ untranslated region Protein (structural or enzyme) © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa AAA Coding region Initial codon Terminal codon 3’ untranslated region

Ty element I δ ε Ty Elements of Yeast δ DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase m. RNA Chromosomal DNA Ty element copy m. RNA Chromosome II III Transposition & integration Solo delta Mobile genetic element IV + © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa + +

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi N Plasmogamy N © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa Karyogamy Meiosis Dikaryon Zygote N+N 2 N N N

Sexual Reproduction in Oomycota 2 N Plasmogamy Karyogamy Dikaryon Zygote N+N 2 N Meiosis Mitosis 2 N © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa Somatic Cells

Parasexual Cycle 2 N+1 nondisjunction N 2 N Heterokariosys Diploidization nondisjunction Mitosis I + Aneuploidy N+2 N Mitosis II+ Aneuploidy © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa 2 N-1

Gene for Gene Interactions Pathogen with avr gene (A) Pathogen without avr gene (a) Elisitor Receptor D R Host with R gene (R) AR Host with R gene (R) a. R Elisitor D D Host without R gene (r) Ar © R. Mostowfizadeh Ghalamfarsa Host without R gene (r) ar