Gene Expression Molecular Genetics March 2018 Gene Expression

Gene Expression Molecular Genetics, March, 2018

Gene Expression – Control of Protein Levels – Bacteria Lac Operon Promoter – m. RNA – Inducer – CAP – Control – Trp Operon Repressor. Operator Control – Attenuation – Riboswitches –

Eukaryotes Scheme Chromatin Organization – Histones – Nucleosome –

Epigenetics Histone Modifications – Study – DNA Methylation – Transcriptional Control Enhancers – Transcription Factors – DNA Bending – Insulators –

Iron Metabolism Regulation IRE – Ferritin Regulation – Transferrin Receptor Regulation – RNA Interference si. RNA mi. RNA – Argonaut Activity – Translation Inhibition – Benefits –

Gene Expression

Gene Expression Controls on Protein Levels Transcription Splicing Polyadenylation m. RNA Stability Translation Protein Stability

Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter

Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter Polycistronic Message in Prokaryotes

Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter Allo-Lactose

Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter

Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter

Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter CAP c. AMP CAP Site of DNA

Transcription Control - Prokaryotic Promoter From Wikimedia Commons

Prokaryotic Transcription Control - Termination/Attenuation From Wikimedia Commons

Prokaryotic Transcription Control - Termination/Attenuation

Transcription/Translation Control - Riboswitches Cis-acting sequences Anti-terminator Terminator

Transcription/Translation Control - Riboswitches Lysine Bound to Riboswitch

Eukaryotic Gene Expression • Much More Complexity • Chromatin • Many Transcription Factors • Enhancers

Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin • Chromatin is the Complex of DNA, Protein, and RNA Comprising Eukaryotic Chromosomes For RNA Polymerase to Perform Transcription, Access Must Be Gained to the DNA Increasing Magnification

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Epigenetics •

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin • A Nucleosome is a Fundamental Unit of Chromatin Structure Contains Two Copies Each of Four Histone Proteins - H 2 a, H 2 B, H 3, and H 4 DNA is Wrapped Around this Octet Core and Histone H 1 is on the Outside

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin • Histone Proteins Are Rich in Basic Amino Acids, Making Them Positively Charged The Positively Charged Proteins Are Attracted Strongly to the Negatively Charged Phosphates of the DNA Chemical Modifications That Affect These Charges Influence Transcription

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin •

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin • • Histone Acetyl Transferases (HATs) Use Acetyl-Co. A to Put Acetyl Groups on Lysines in Histones • This Neutralizes Their Positive Charge and Loosens Interactions With the Histones, Facilitating “R • Acetylated Lysines Can Also be Binding Targets for Proteins Affecting Transcription n l a c i em atio c i f i od M Ch Unwinding of Complex

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Epigenetics •

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Chromatin • • Histone Acetylation Favors Euchromatin and Stimulates Transcription • Histone De-Acetylases Reverse These Effects, Favoring Heterochromatin and Gene Silencing • The Sirtuin 1 deacetylase in humans down-regulated with insulin resistance • Numerous Chemical Modifications are Made to Histone Proteins • Acetylation / Deacetylation • Methylation / Demethylation • Phosphorylation / Dephosphorylation • Ubiquitination • Chemical Modification to Bases in DNA Can Also Affect Transcription Open and Accessible to Transcription Complex Condensed and Not Accessible

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Epigenetics •

Epigenetics • Chemical Modifications in Histones and DNA Can Cross Generational Barriers • Transcriptional Effects Can Thus Be Transmitted From Parent to Progeny Independent of the Sequence of the DNA. • Such Influences are Called Epigenetic

Epigenetics Patterns of modification of chromosomes cross generational barriers. Genetic Imprinting Överkalix study 1. A greater body mass index (BMI) at 9 years in sons, but not daughters, of fathers who began smoking early. 2. The paternal grandfather's food supply was only linked to the mortality RR of grandsons and not granddaughters. 3. The paternal grandmother's food supply was only associated with the granddaughters' mortality risk ratio. The estimation of the percentage of human genes subject to parental imprinting is approximately one to two percent, currently parental imprinting has been identified in fewer than 100 distinct named genes.

Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes Methylation of Cp. G sequences in eukaryotes inhibits transcription

Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes

Transcriptional Control - Eukaryotes

RNA Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Transcription • Blocking Insulators Allows Enhancer to Activate Transcription Insulators Can Block Enhancer’s Activation of Transcription

Iron Transfer & Storage Ferritin - Cellular Protein to Bind Iron Transferrin Receptor - Membrane Protein to Transfer Iron

Iron Transfer & Storage Iron Response Element (IRE) Iron Response Element Binding Protein (IRE-BP)

Iron Transfer & Storage - Translation Regulation

Iron Transfer & Storage - m. RNA Stability

RNA Interference • • RNA Interference is a Powerful Means of Controlling Gene Expression • Viral and Endogenous Cellular Genes Are Targets • A Similar System Called pi. RNA (piwi RNA) Protects Against Transposon Genes • Considerable Interest in Using Technique to Genetically Transform Organisms for Protect Against Pathogens

Cellular Source RNA Cellular Pre-Processing RNA Interference • Transcription Double-Stranded RNA is Stimulus Processing Viral Infection 20 bp pieces RISC Target Complementary Sequences in m. RNAs

RNA Interference • Complementary Sequences Align RISC + Argonaute Activity in RISC Breaks m. RNA, Stops Translation m. RNA Translation of m. RNA Stopped + RISC

RNA • • • RNA Interference • Protection Against Invading Viruses Stimulated by ds. RNA mi. RNA (cellular) & si. RNA (foreign) Cellular piwi RNAs (pi. RNA) have similar functions in silencing transposons Widespread in Eukaryotes Actions referred to as RNA Interference (RNAi) RNA Interference Operates Through the Silencing of Gene Expression DS RNA induces Dicer to chop it into 20 BP Pieces These si. RNAs/mi. RNAs bind to the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) One Strand is Destroyed and One Retained to Bind to Complementary m. RNA sequences • RISC Nuclease Activity (Argonaute) • 1. Destroys m. RNA Where Strand Binds or • 2. si. RNA/mi. RNA strand on m. RNA blocks translation or • 3. si/RNA/mi. RNA strand destabilizes m. RNA and Targets for Destruction

RNA Interference • Bonding to m. RNA Premature Stopping of Translation Degradation of m. RNA