GENE EXPRESSION GENE EXPRESSION n every cell nucleus

GENE EXPRESSION

GENE EXPRESSION n every cell nucleus has a complete set of DNA (instructions) n But each cell only uses some of the information n Information used depends on the type of cell

GENE EXPRESSION n Specialization- cells are “specialized” to do their job depending on the information they use n Ex- Stomach cells make necessary enzymes

GENE EXPRESSION n Genes are activated “Turned on” by their internal or external environment n Internal: Ex- Hormones can activate a part of the cell DNA, producing a specific protein (internal)

GENE EXPRESSION n External: n Ex- Light on plants No light stop chlorophyll production

GENE EXPRESSION n Himalayan Rabbits- gene for black fur is activated by cold n Test- white fur shaved off back of rabbit cold pack applied black fur grows in place

GENE EXPRESSION n Twin Studies: Identical twins raised in different environments may show differences

GENE EXPRESSION n Oncogenes- genes present in most human cells that when activated can lead to cancer n Internal/External

GENETIC ENGINEERING n The process of using technology to alter the genetic code of living organisms n Genetic information is transferred from one organism to another (entire genes or parts of genes)

GENE SPLICING n Recombinant DNA formed when DNA from different sources n n n is combined DNA molecule of original cell is “broken” by restriction enzymes Plasmids in host cell (bacteria or virus) are broken by restriction enzymes Isolated pieces of DNA from original cell are inserted into host cell and taken up by plasmid New cell with foreign DNA replicates Cell can now synthesize a new chemical coded for it by its new gene(s)

BIOTECHNOLOGY n Agriculture- disease and insect resistant crops, leaner livestock, cows produce more milk

Genetically Modified Organisms n Herbicide resistance in crops n Sheep that produce human blood clotting factor n Salt tolerance in plants n Delayed ripening in fruits n Cows that produce human milk

Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’S n Salmon that grow faster and larger

Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’S

n http: //www. scientific american. com/video. cfm? id=what-is-agenetically-modifiedfood 2013 -07 -24

BIOTECHNOLOGY n Medical: n Human Gene Therapy n Hormones (insulin, GH) n Interferon

BIOTECHNOLOGY n Environmental- oil eating bacteria

BIOTECHNOLOGY n Cloning: process by which genetically identical cells are produced from a single cell n 1997 - Dolly the sheep

BIOTECHNOLOGY n DNA Fingerprinting (gel electrophoresis) Everyone’s DNA is unique and can be used to identify individuals Ex- criminals missing persons familial relationships

DNA FINGERPRINTING n Analysis of sections of DNA which have little or no function (not the DNA that people have in common) n Pieces of DNA separated by the process of gel electrophoresis n DNA fragments are separated by size and electrical voltage and then analyzed

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT n An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence n Mapping of the basic framework of the entire genetic code n Scientists began in 1990 n June 2000 - copy of human genome is “complete”