Gender and Corruption in the Public Sector Perceptions

Gender and Corruption in the Public Sector Perceptions of Public Officials from Six Developing and Transition Countries Omer Gokcekus PREM Learning Week, 20 July 2002 Ranjana Mukherjee

Question: Is the proportion of women employed in public organizations connected with their level of corruption? 2

On corruption and gender … 2 studies show—the larger the proportion of women in work force, the greater the representation of women in parliament, in ministerial / high level government positions, the lower is the level of corruption 3

Survey Question about corruption: 1. Severity, and 2. Chances of being reported Some consider that one of the main problems affecting the performance of the Government and its structures is corruption. How important is this problem in your organization? Very important Relatively important Of little importance Not important at all In general, how often are cases of corruption reported to proper authorities? Always Frequently Sometimes Never 4

Responses of 3, 927 officials from 90 organizations 5

Findings – across countries 6

Findings – across countries 7

Public officials perceptions of corruption versus TI-2001 Corruption Perception Indices 8

Findings – within country does an organization’s corruption depend upon the proportion of women employees? 9

Findings – Pooled Organizations CONTROLLING COUNTRY AND ORGANIZATION SPECIFIC -EFFECTS Regression result: Level of Corruption = Constant - 0. 80 TRANSITION + 1. 73 Policy Implementing - 9. 19 FEMALE + 11. 68 FEMALE 2 10

Measuring all surveyed organizations’ corruption indices on the same scale Officials’ descriptive responses were converted to a numerical scale of 0 to 10, where 0 = good i. e. no corruption and 10 = bad, i. e. highly corrupt FORMULA 1 (for 4 responses) CORRUPTION INDEX organization-i = 40/3 – 10/3 (Average response organization-i FORMULA 2 (for 3 responses) CORRUPTION INDEX organization-i = 15 – 5 (Average response organization-i ) 11 )

Findings – pooled organizations 12

Findings – pooled organizations 13