GENDER AND AGE MANAR AHMAD AWADA 201050349 MOZA

GENDER AND AGE MANAR AHMAD AWADA 201050349 MOZA KHAMIS AL SHAMSI 200908002 NOURAH HASSAN SALEM 200806875

CONTENTS : 12/30/2021 Gender-Exclusive speech differences Gender definition Examples Ø Gender-Preferential speech Features Ø Gender and Social Class Ø Explanations of Women’s Linguistic Behavior The Social Status Explanation Women’s Role as Guardian of Society Values Subordinate group must be polite Vernacular forms express machismo Some alternative explanations Ø Language , Society & Culture 2

12/30/2021 Language , Society & Culture Gender : the properties that distinguish organism on the basis of their reproductive roles. 3

GENDER-EXCLUSIVE SPEECH DIFFERENCES 12/30/2021 Language , Society & Culture Women and Men do not speak in exactly the same way as each other in any community , and in this community Women and Men speak different language. For instance , in Yana a North American Indian language , some of the words used between Men are longer than the equivalent words used by Women and Women. Example : Women Men ‘deer’ ba ba-na ‘person’ yaa-na 4

12/30/2021 In this community if a person uses the wrong form for their gender , the older members of the community may consider them bisexual. In some languages there also differences between the vocabulary items used by Women and Men , the traditional Japanese is a clear example : Example : Women Men otoosan oyaji ‘father’ onaka hara ‘stomach’ These distinctions are a matter of degrees of formality or politeness than gender. Language , Society & Culture 5

GENDER-PREFERENTIAL SPEECH FEATURES 12/30/2021 Language , Society & Culture In Western urban communities Women and Men do not use completely different forms , they use different quantities or frequencies of the same forms , for instance , Women use more – ing pronunciation than Men in words like swimming and typing. 6

GENDER AND SOCIAL CLASS 12/30/2021 In every social class men use more vernacular forms than women use more standard forms than men. women use more ing-forms than men. Language , Society & Culture in western communities, such differences are found in the speech of different social classes, therefore the language of women in the lower and higher classes is more similar to that of men in the same group. 7

EXPLANATIONS OF WOMEN’S LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOR 12/30/2021 Why can't a woman be more like a man? 1. 3. 4. Language , Society & Culture 2. social class and its related status for an explanation. Refers to women's role in society. Women's status as a subordinate group. Function of speech in expressing gender identity and especially masculinity. 8

THE SOCIAL STATUS EXPLANATION 12/30/2021 Language , Society & Culture Some linguistic have suggested that woman use more standard speech forms than men because they are more status-conscious than men. WOMEN’S ROLE AS GUARDIAN OF SOCIETY VALUES: little boys are generally allowed more freedom than little girls. 9

SUBORDINATE GROUP MUST BE POLITE VERNACULAR FORMS EXPRESS MACHISMO: Why don’t men use more standard forms? Because men prefer vernacular forms. They carry macho connotations of masculinity and toughness. Language , Society & Culture Woman as subordinate group, it is argued, must avoid offending men – and so they must speak carefully and politely. 12/30/2021 10

SOME ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS Men on the other hand tend to be less responsive to the speech of others and to their conversational needs. Language , Society & Culture Women tend to be more cooperative conversationalists than men. 12/30/2021 11

12/30/2021 Language , Society & Culture 12