GENDER ANALYSIS Gender Women and Politics The National
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GENDER ANALYSIS Gender, Women and Politics The National Democratic Institute
INTRODUCTIONS/ GROUND RULES • Introductions • Ground Rules • Ice Breaker Exercise
GENDER ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES • To develop a basic understanding of gender analysis and its benefits • To become familiar with gender analysis tools, approaches and data
GENDER ANALYSIS TOPICS • • What is gender analysis? Benefits of gender analysis Key questions Gender analysis steps Analysis tools Data sources Yemen case study
KEY TERMS • Gender equality • Other terms? Photo: Caroline Hubbard, NDI
WHAT IS GENDER ANALYSIS? • Methodology for collecting and processing information about gender • Identify roles, needs, opportunities of women AND men • Requires information -- quantitative and qualitative
WHAT IS GENDER ANALYSIS? • Explores women’s and men’s different realities and expectations • Considers effects of interventions • Ensures benefits and resources are effectively and equitably targeted Image: Billy Alexander, rgbstock. com
GENDER ANALYSIS BENEFITS • Leads to effective policies and programs and the efficient use of resources • Equal access to resources and opportunities promotes economic development
EXAMPLE: IMMUNIZATION PROJECT IN INDIA • Immunizations available every Tuesday • No one came • What went wrong? Photo: Julie Mc. Carthy, NPR
GENDER NEUTRAL POLICIES? • May affect women and men differently because of differences between them • May reinforce existing inequalities
WOMEN ≠ HOMOGENOUS • Gender roles and behaviors vary across: – Cultures – Class – Ethnicity – Income – Education – Age • Gender attributes change over time Photo: Amy Hamelin, NDI
GENDER ANALYSIS: WHEN? • During all phases in program/policy cycle including: – Design – Implementation – Monitoring and evaluation • Most effective when initiated during design phase
GENDER ANALYSIS QUESTIONS • Who does what within and outside of the household? • Who owns/controls/accesses what? • What are the institutional, economic and social factors? Photo: Lindsey Spinks
GENDER ANALYSIS QUESTIONS • What capabilities, opportunities and powers do men and women have? • Did you review sex-disaggregated data? • Were women and men consulted? • Have the different needs, interests and responsibilities been considered? • What groups are most likely to be affected and how?
DEVELOPMENT STEPS Assess current situation/policies and needs ü Collect and analyze sex disaggregated data ü Establish a baseline Image: World Bank
DEVELOPMENT STEPS Assess current situation (continued) ü Identify/address gaps ü Hold consultations – Experts – Target groups Photo: NDI
DEVELOPMENT STEPS Draft program/policy ü Expected impact on women and men ü Can negative impacts be overcome? Implement Monitor and evaluate ü Identify benefits/negative impacts ü Solicit feedback and be responsive
EXERCISE: GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLS • Gender Role Identification ü Use: Program design and planning ü Understand who does what ACTIVITIES Productive Reproductive Community WOMEN GIRLS BOYS
EXAMPLE: GENDER ROLE IDENTIFICATION ACTIVITIES Productive Gardening WOMEN Household gardens and Wheat crops maize Livestock Care Income Sell extra household Generation vegetables Community Religious Activities School BOYS Household gardens and maize Year-round Assist livestock/crop sales Sell crops and livestock Reproductive Water-Related Food Lead food preparation Preparation Childcare Market. Related GIRLS Collect water daily Assist food preparation Lead childcare Secondary caregiver Shops in the market Sometimes attends Always attends Rarely finish primary Until secondary
GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLS • Time Use Analysis ü How time is spent based on gender roles ü Highlights women’s unpaid labor Photo: Alamy
EXAMPLE: GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLS Italy Task Personal care (sleeping, eating, grooming) Employment Studies Domestic work (cooking, cleaning, childcare, shopping, pet care) Leisure Travel (to/from work, leisure activities, shopping, etc. ) Unspecified Total Hours (h) Minutes (m)/day Women Men 11 h 12 m 1 h 52 m 14 m 11 h 16 m 4 h 15 m 11 m 5 h 20 m 4 h 6 m 1 h 35 m 5 h 5 m 1 h 14 m 3 m 24 h 1 h 35 m 3 m 24 h
GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLS • Access, Control and Decisions ü Use: Program design, implementation ü Understand decision-making and resource controls ACCESS Men CONTROL Resources Women Girls Boys Women Men Girls Boys Land Yes Yes No No Equipment Yes Yes No No Labor Yes Yes No No Cash Yes No Sometimes No Yes No No Education/ Training No Yes No Sometimes Yes No No
GENDER ANALYSIS DATA • • • Regional or country MDG reports UNDP Human Development reports State Department Human Rights reports World Bank reports Donor and NGO reports
DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE • Review data for country • Develop conclusions about status of women • Identify key differences between men and women
EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY IN YEMEN • Enrollment rate for girls to that of boys – Basic education: 74. 8% – Secondary education: 58. 8% – University: 37. 5% • Good legal framework • Needs of girls not addressed
EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY Key challenges: 1) Institutional and structural challenges 2) Lack of access to schools 3) Poverty, social and cultural norms
EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY Options for increasing women teachers • Quotas • Incentives, especially in rural areas • Financial incentives for schools • Revisit university degree requirement Photo: Faisal Darem, Al-Shorfa
EXAMPLE: EDUCATION POLICY Quotas for women teachers • Legislation does not provide for quotas • Policy to replace departing teachers with women • Would require close monitoring
GENDER ANALYSIS EXERCISE Lack of access to schools • Many children walk over an hour • Real safety risks for girls • 9% of girls left because of access issues
GENDER ANALYSIS EXERCISE • Ensure schools are located to maximize girls’ attendance • Expand residential schools Photo: Luay Basil, World Food Program
GENDER ANALYSIS REVIEW • Consider roles, needs and circumstances of women and men • Leads to better policies and programs • Conducted throughout program • Who does what? Who controls what? • Involve stakeholders in consultations • Take advantage of existing data
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