GCSE PE Bones Types of bones and joints

GCSE PE Bones – Types of bones and joints

Types of Bones There are 4 main types of bones in the human body. Each type has a different size and shape because they have different jobs to do: Long Tubular Bones – These are long and affect our overall height, e. g. the legs & arms (femur & humerus). Short Bones – These are smaller and are often found with many others, e. g. the feet & hands (phalanges). Flat Bones – These are flat and are often found forming a protective surface, e. g. the skull (cranium) and pelvis. Irregular Bones – These are irregular in shape and have a specific function, e. g. the bones of the spine (vertebral column).

LONG BONES: SHORT BONES: • Longer than they are wide • Roughly same in length, width and thickness In sport: • Generate movement, strength and speed • Weight bearing, shock absorbing, spreading loads FLAT BONES: IRREGULAR BONES: • Protect organs • Odd shape • E. g. vertebrae to protect the spinal cord In sport: • Protect organs especially in contact sports • Protection • Movement (neck)

Joints n The human skeleton is jointed to allow movement. n Muscular contraction causes the bones to move about the joints. n The bones act as levers with the joints acting as pivots. A joint is where two or more bones meet and muscles act together to cause movement.

Types of Joints can be divided into four groups depending upon how they move. KEY Ball & Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Condyloid Joint

1. Ball and Socket Joints Ball and Socket joints are the most moveable joints in the body. They can move in all directions, e. g. the hip and shoulder joints.

2. Hinge Joints Hinge joints work like a hinge on a door. They can only move in two directions, e. g. the knee, elbow and ankle joints.

3. Pivot Joints This joint only allows rotation, e. g. the vertebrae of the neck. 4. Condyloid Joints There is a little movement in all directions, e. g. the hand between the carpals.

Movement at Joints Different types of joints allow different kinds of movement. There are 8 basic types of movement that can occur at such joints: 1. Extension: Straightening or extending a limb. Example: the arm can be extended at the elbow. 2. Flexion: Bending or flexing a limb. Example: the leg can be flexed at the knee.

3. Abduction: Moving a limb away from the centre line of the body. Example: The leg can be moved away from the centre of the body at the hip. 4. Adduction: Moving a limb towards the centre line of the body. Example: The arm can be moved towards the centre of the body at the shoulder.

5. Rotation: This is a turning or 6. Circumduction: The ability of a rotational movement of limb to be a limb or body part. moved in circles. Example: the head can be rotated at the neck. Example: the arm can move in circles at the shoulder.

7. Dorsi-flexion: Bending or flexing the toes closer to the shin Example: the flexing of the foot at the ankle at the base of the squat 8. Plantar-flexion: Extending or pointing the toes down away from the shin Example: the extension of the foot at the ankle when performing point work in ballet

What types of movement are possible at the following joints? Ball and Socket Joint: n n n Extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Hinge Joint: n n Extension Flexion Hinge Joint (ankle): n n Pivot Joint: n Rotation Dorsi-flexion Plantar-flexion

Connective Tissue Ligament = Bone to Bone Tendon = Muscle to Bone Ligaments Tendons

Injuries to ligaments and tendons take longer to repair as little blood flowing through them