GCSE Music DEYES HIGH SCHOOL Name GCSE Music

GCSE Music DEYES HIGH SCHOOL Name ___________

GCSE Music What do you need to do? There are FIVE areas of study for all of the units in the course: Rhythm and Metre Harmony and Tonality Texture and Melody Timbre and Dynamics Structure and Form There are THREE strands through which these areas of study will be explored: The Western Classical Tradition This includes: Baroque Orchestral Music The concerto Music for Voices Chamber Music The Sonata Popular Music of the 20 th and 21 st Centuries This includes: Blues Popular Music of the 1960 s Rock Music R ‘n’ B (Rhythm and Bass) Film Music World Music This includes: Music of the Caribbean Music of Africa Music of India

There are 4 units to the course: Unit 1: Listening to and Appraising Music (20%) You will sit a written exam lasting for 1 hour. This will be based on the five Areas of Study explored through the three strands of learning. Unit 2: Composing and Appraising Music (20%) The Composition This is ONE composition which is externally assessed. You must choose TWO (or more) of the five Areas of Study There must be a link to ONE of the three strands which is announced annually by AQA. The strand for your composition is THE WESTERN CLASSICAL TRADITION You will have up to 20 hours of Supervised Time in which to complete the composition. The Appraisal You will have 2 hours of Controlled Time under formal supervision. This will be completed in an appraisal booklet supplied by the exam board. ASSESSMENT: You must hand in the following: The recording of your composition on CD A musical score Your written appraisal exam Unit 3: Performing Music (40%) You must perform TWO pieces of music: A Solo Performance A Group Performance (Two or more live performers) ASSESSMENT: Performances will be recorded and sent to the external moderator. This is marked by your teacher but the marks and recordings are sent off to an external moderator. Unit 4: Composing Music (20%) This is ONE composition which is internally assessed. You must choose TWO (or more) of the five Areas of Study The composition can be in any style or genre of your choice. You will have up to 25 hours of Controlled Assessment in which to complete the composition, under informal supervision. This is marked by your teacher but the marks and work will be sent off to an external moderator. ASSESSMENT: Your composition must be submitted as follows: A recording of the final composition on CD A musical score

Area of Study 1 Rhythm and Metre

STRAND 1: RHYTHM AND METRE TIME SIGNATURES What is a time signature? A time signature is placed at the beginning of a piece of music after the key signature. Time signature There are many different time signatures as shown below, and they all have different meanings This means there are 4 crotchet beats in a bar. Most pop music is written in this time signature. It is sometimes written as a big letter ‘C’. This means there are 3 crotchet beats in a bar. There are not many pieces of pop music written in this time signature. It is used in Western Classical music in waltz, sarabande and minuet. 2 4 This means there are 2 crotchet beats in a bar. Some pop music might be written in this time signature. 6 8 This time signature creates a lilting effect. It is also used in gigues.

Task Listen to the following pieces of music and write down the time signature of each piece. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time Signature

STRAND 1: RHYTHM AND METRE All of the time signatures we have looked at so far are REGULAR time signatures. This means that each bar has the same number of beats. Sometimes music can have an IRREGULAR number of beats per bar, where the time signature constantly changes. Or the music might be FREE. This means that there is no time signature. Irregular and free time signatures would be used mostly in the very late 20 th Century Western Classical Tradition. Notation Music is written on a score using musical notes. This piece is in the time signature of 4 There is no key signature (no sharps or flats)

Note Equivalents Semibreve = 4 Minim = 2 Crotchet = 1 Quaver = 1 2 Semiquaver = 1 4 Crotchet = 1 Quaver = 1 2 Semiquaver = 1 4 Quavers are normally paired together like this Semiquavers are normally joined in fours like this Semiquaver = 1 4 = 1 beat

Compose a rhythm using the following time signatures 1) 4 4 2) 3 4 3) 2 4 4) 3 4 5) 4 4 6) 2 4

Dotted Rhythms There are some extra notes which have dots after them: This is a crotchet with a dot. It is called a DOTTED CROTCHET It last for 1 and a half beats This is a minim with a dot. It is called a DOTTED MINIM It last for 3 beats Compose a two rhythms below which include the dotted notes 1) 4 4 2) 6 8

RESTS Semibreve 4 beats Minim 2 beats Crotchet 1 beats Quaver Half a beat Semiquaver Quarter of a beat Rests are important in music as they are silences. THEY ARE STILL COUNTED AS PART OF THE NUMBER OF BEATS. Compose 3 rhythms using all the notes and rests that you have learned 1) 4 4 2) 3 4 3) 2 4

Listening Test Listen to the rhythms as they are played on a drum. Write down the notes that you hear. Question 1 1) 4 4 Question 2 2) 3 4 Question 3 3) 2 4 Question 4 4) 6 8

Augmentation and Diminution Sometimes melodies are adapted as a piece of music progresses. Augmentation means that each note is made longer (usually double) Diminution means that each note is made shorter (Usually halved) The following rhythm has been augmented: Original rhythm: Augmented rhythm: The following rhythm has been diminished: Original rhythm: Diminished rhythm:

Area of Study 2 Harmony and Tonality

All music uses harmony. Any music that has more than one part has harmony. Consonant or diatonic harmony is music that sounds pleasant. Dissonant harmony is clashy harmony which can sound unpleasant Task Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the piece is consonant or dissonant. Piece Number Consonant or Dissonant? 1 2 3 4 5 Cadences are the final two chords of a piece of music or a section of music. There are four types. PERFECT CADENCE: The piece or section sounds finished IMPERFECT CADENCE: The piece or section sounds unfinished (PLAGAL CADENCE: Used widely in hymns – the piece sounds finished) (INTERRUPTED CADENCE: Sounds like the must has bee interrupted – sounds unfinished) Additional information: Tierce de Picardie is when a piece which should end in a minor key, ends in a major key.

Task Listen to the pieces of music. Write down the cadence that you hear Piece Number Cadence type 1 2 3 4 5 The chords in a C major scale Chord Number Major or Minor Name CEG I Major Tonic DFA II Minor EGB III Minor FAC IV Major Subdominant GBD(F) V Major Dominant (7 th) ACE VI Minor BDF VII Diminished PEDAL: A pedal note is a note which continues over changing harmonies DRONE: A drone is similar to a pedal but usually consists of 2 notes, spaced 5 notes apart

TONALITY Tonality is the key in which a piece of music is written Major – the music sounds happy Minor – the music sounds sad Modal – the piece does not have the correct sharps and flats Task Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the piece is major, minor or modal. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 Tonality (Major, Minor or Modal? )

Key Signatures A key signature is placed at the beginning of a piece of music, before the time signature. It tells the performer which notes are black notes. No sharps or flats = C major One sharp = G major Two sharps = D major One flat= F major Two flats = Bb major Three sharps = A major Three flats = Eb major Four sharps = E major Four flats = Ab major

Modulation is when a piece of music changes key. It might start in C major with no sharps, and then it might modulate to G major. You can tell that it has modulated to G major because there is the use of one sharp. If a piece begins in the tonic key (I) and moves to the dominant key (V) then it has modulated to its DOMINANT. If a piece begins in a minor key and modulates to a major key, it has modulated to its RELATIVE MAJOR (chord VI) If a piece begins in a major key and modulates to a minor key, it has modulated to its RELATIVE MINOR (chord VI) Task Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the piece has modulated to the dominant, to the relative major or to the relative minor. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 Modulation (Dominant, relative major or relative minor)

Area of Study 3 Texture and Melody

Texture This is the number of parts in a piece of music and the way that the parts relate to each other. There are different types of textures. The two main textures are: • Homophonic (Harmonic) This is multiple voices, in which the melody stands out. The accompanying instruments all play the same rhythm. • Polyphonic (Contrapuntal/ Imitative/ Canonic/ Layered) This texture creates a complicated sound, with voices or parts interweaving. THIS IS A Big CHARACTERISTIC OF BAROQUE MUSIC AND SOME CLASSICAL MUSIC. IT WOULD NOT BE FOUND IN POP MUSIC. Other textures include: • Unison – All parts play or sing the same melody. There is no harmony. • Octaves – The same melody is played or sung 8 notes (an octave) apart. • Single melody line – This would be called MONOPHONIC texture • Melody with accompaniment – This is a song or a piece for a solo instrument, which is accompanied by an independent part (e. g. Piano or orchestra) • Antiphonal – this texture could also be called “Call and Response” where one part answers another. IT IS FOUND IN WORLD MUSIC as well as traditional orchestral music. Task Listen to the pieces of music. Write down whether you think the texture is Homophonic, Polyphonic, Single melody line, Melody with accompaniment, or antiphonal. There is one example of each texture. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 Texture (Homophonic, polyphonic, single melody line, melody with accompaniment or antiphonal.

TEXTURE Homophonic Music which has 3 or more parts – all of the parts play the same rhythm Polyphonic Each part has the same melody but they start at different times (Like a round) Melody with accompaniment Monophonic/ Single Melody Line Antiphonal A solo instrument is accompanied by a piano or an orchestra or another instrument. One instrument/Voice plays One part plays the ‘question’ and one part plays the ‘answer’ (Call and Response would be one example of this)

Melody Intervals within the octave An interval is the distance between two notes. C#/Db D#/Eb F#/Gb G#/Ab A#/Bb The interval between any two notes is a SEMITONE of a Minor 2 nd. For example C to C#, G# to A, Eb to E. The following tables shows other intervals Interval Name Also called Number of semitones Major 2 nd 2 Minor 3 rd 3 Major 3 rd 4 Perfect 4 th 5 Augmented 4 th/ Diminished 5 th TRITONE 6 Perfect 5 th 7 Minor 6 th 8 Major 6 th 9 Minor 7 th 10 Major 7 th 11 Octave 12

Task Work out the intervals of the following notes. Use the keyboard to help you. Interval name From (Bottom Note) To (Top Note) C E D G# Eb Bb G G# Conjunct and Disjunct Melodies Conjunct Melody – This is a melody which moves by step (i. e. Movements of a minor 2 nd or a major 2 nd) Disjunct Melody – This is a melody which moves by leaps (i. e. Intervals from a minor 3 rd upwards) Task Listen to the melodies played. Decide if it is a conjunct melody or a disjunct melody. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 Conjunct Melody or Disjunct Melody?

Interval Tests In your exam you will be asked to identify the type of interval which you can hear in a piece of music. Here are some famous pieces of music which begin with common intervals. Interval Name Famous piece of music Major 2 nd Happy Birthday to You Minor 3 rd Greensleeves Major 3 rd Oh When The Saints Perfect 4 th Away in a Manger Augmented 4 th/ Diminished 5 th Perfect 5 th Twinkle Little Star Minor 6 th Major 6 th Jingle Bells (Dashing Through the Snow) Minor 7 th Somewhere (There’s a Place For Us) Major 7 th Octave Somewhere Over the Rainbow You can test out your knowledge and skills at: http: //www. musicalintervalstutor. com/

Minor 2 nd Major 2 nd Minor 3 rd Major 3 rd Perfect 4 th Jaws What's New? Nice Work if you can get it San Francisco (Left my heart) I Remember You I'm Getting Sentimental over You Bye Black Bird Stormy Weather It's Been a Hard Day's Night (Beatles) Happy Birthday Rudolf the Red Nosed Reindeer Silent Night There Will Never be Another You Tennessee Waltz My Funny Valentine Body and Soul They Say, Ruby Frere Jacques Doe, a Deer (Sound of Music) Work Song Confirmation Georgia on my Mind A Foggy Day Moontrane The Impossible Dream Somewhere my Love O Canada Oh Where, Oh Where has my Little dog Gone? Brahm's Lullaby Greensleeves So Long, Farewell (Sound of Music) Oh When the Saints I Can't Get Started Kum Ba Yah While Shepherds Watched Sweet Hour of Prayer Well I Come From Alabama From the Halls of Montezuma {Big Ben Sounding the Hour? } Here Comes the Bride Hark the Herald Angels Sing Oh Christmas Tree Doxy 'Round Midnight Maiden Voyage We Wish You a Merry Christmas All the Things Ornithology Song for my Father Love me Tender Auld Lang Syne Aura Lee The British Grenadiers Amazing Grace Someday my Prince Will Come Day is Done (Taps) Augmented 4 th Maria (West Side Story) The Simpsons Perfect 5 th Twinkle, Twinkle Theme from 2001 Whisper Not (Benny Golson) Theme From Peanuts Bags Groove Lavender's Blue Hey There Georgy Girl Blackbird (Beatles) Minor 6 th Love Story (third and fourth notes) The Entertainer Morning of the Carnival Go Down Moses The Entertainer (third and fourth notes) Major 6 th My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean Theme from "The Sting" NBC Dashing Through the Snow Minor 7 th There's a Place for Us (West Side Story) Old Star Trek Theme Have You Driven a Ford? Somewhere (West Side Story) I'll Close My Eyes Major 7 th Cast Your Fate to the Wind Ceora Theme from Fantasy Island Superman Bali Hai (South Pacific) Octave Somewhere Over the Rainbow A Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting) Let it Snow! Mc. Donald's Commercial (? ) Del Sasser Blue Bossa

Task Listen to the following intervals. See if you can recognise the intervals that you hear. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Interval

Other words associated with melodies Scale – This is movement by step Arpeggio / Broken Chord – This is a chord broken up into its separate notes Triad – This is the 3 main notes of a chord played together e. g. A chord of C major would include C, E and G. ‘Extra’ notes found in melodies Passing note – This is a note which joins two notes together e. g. If the notes C, E and G were played as part of a melody, these could be joined together by passing notes D and F. C D E F G Appoggiatura – This is a ‘grace’ note It would be played like this It acts as an extra note in the melody. The note coming before the D appoggiatura and C note would be an E. It is like a passing note. Acciaccatura – This is a very fast appoggiatura. The D note would be like a crunch together with the C note. Appoggiaturas and Acciaccaturas (as well as TRILLS) are called ORNAMENTS. They are found in Baroque music, and some classical music.

Blue Notes Blue notes give music a bluesy feel. They are the flattened 3 rd, the flattened 5 th and the flattened 7 th degrees of the scale. 1) C 2) D 3) Eb 4) F 5) Gb 6) A 7) Bb Types of Scale Diatonic Scale – This is a ‘normal’ scale consisting of the movement of 5 tones and 2 semitones. (A tone is two semitones) C D E F G A B C Tone Semitone Tone Semitone Chromatic Scale – This is all the black and white notes played one after another C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C Pentatonic Scales – This is a scale consisting of 5 notes. All of the black notes would be a pentatonic scale C# D# F# G# A# Whole Tone Scale – This is a scale consisting of all tones C D E F# G# A# Mode – This is a scale with no sharps or flats. For example a scale of G major should have an F#. However, the mode of G is a scale of G with no F#. G A B C D E F G Task – Listen to the music. Decide what type of scale it is. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 Type of Scale? – Diatonic, chromatic, pentatonic, whole-tone or mode?

Musical Devices A musical device is a device which is incorporated into a piece of music. The following are all musical devices: • Sequence – This is a melody or part of a melody which is transposed up or down each time it is repeated. e. g. C D E F G G , D E F G A A , E F G A B B • Inversion – This is when a melody or part of a melody is inverted (or turned upside down). An example of inversion from Rachmaninov’s ‘Variations on a Theme of Paganini’) • Glissando (Or slide or Portamento (might also be called a ‘pitch bend’)) – This is a ‘slide’ – for example on a trombone the player would blow down the trombone and gradually move the slide out. • Ostinato – This is a repeated rhythm (or one or two notes in a melody) • Riff – This is a repeated melody, usually in the bass. e. g. The theme to Mission Impossible contains a riff. Task Listen to the musical device. Decide which musical device you can hear. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 Musical Device – Sequence, Inversion, Glissando, Ostinato or Riff?

Articulation – Articulation marks are placed on music to make it more interesting. Articulation marks include: Phrasing – Phrases in music are like musical sentences. A phrase mark goes over the top of each musical sentence. Phrase Marks Slur – these two notes would be played smoothly (legato), coming off after the second note. Staccato – Play the note short and spiky

Area of Study 4 Timbre and Dynamics

Timbre is the sound quality of an instrument or voice. We will cover the instruments and voices singing and playing in the chapter ‘The Western Classical Tradition’. We will also look at instruments used in ‘World Music’ in that chapter. Music Technology Reverb: An echo effect is added to give the impression that the music has been recorded in a large room. Delay: When a delay effect is added the music sounds like it is quickly repeated like an echo. It is possible to set the number of times that a sound will be repeated. Sampling: A live sound is recorded and then altered on a computer. Such things as the sea or bird song have been used in pieces of music. Looping: A bar of music is recorded onto the computer and then copied and pasted so that the same bar is repeated over and over. Scratching: A vinyl record is moved backwards and forwards as it plays. Quantise: Music is recorded onto the computer and then put in time. Vocoder: A voice is recorded and then a vocoder effect is added making the voice sound distorted, like a robot. Sequencing/ multi-track recording: Several tracks are recorded on top of each other. Panning: The music that has been recorded is moved between speakers. If the music is panned to the right it will be heard only in the right speaker. Pitch bend: A sound is recorded and a wheel on the keyboard is used to make the sound drop a certain amount so it sounds like it slides between notes.

Task Listen to the pieces of music. Write down 5 music technology effects you can hear in each song. Piece 1 Effect 1 ___________________ Effect 2 ___________________ Effect 3 ___________________ Effect 4 ___________________ Effect 5 ___________________ Piece 2 Effect 1 ___________________ Effect 2 ___________________ Effect 3 ___________________ Effect 4 ___________________ Effect 5 ___________________ Piece 3 Effect 1 ___________________ Effect 2 ___________________ Effect 3 ___________________ Effect 4 ___________________ Effect 5 ___________________ Piece 4 Effect 1 ___________________ Effect 2 ___________________ Effect 3 ___________________ Effect 4 ___________________ Effect 5 ___________________

Instrumental Techniques There are many techniques that an instrument player might use. Con Arco – a string player may see this on the music and it means ‘with bow’ Pizzicato - a string player may see this on the music and it means ‘plucked’ Con Sordino – this means to play the music muted. A trumpet with a mute in it A violin mute Double Stopping – Usually a string player plays one string at a time. However, string players could play two strings at a time. This means that the strings are double stopped. Tremolo – This is easiest to explain on a stringed instrument. The bow is moved backwards and forwards over the string to create a vibration effect.

DYNAMICS Dynamics are important in music. It means the volume of the music. Signs are written on the music to show the changes in dynamic. pp p mp mf f ff Pianissimo Piano Mezzo Forte Fortissimo Very Quiet Quite Loud Very Loud Crescendo Becoming Louder Diminuendo Becoming Quieter Sfz Sforzando One loud burst of sound OTHER SIGNS AND SYMBOLS IN MUSIC Pause – Hold this note for slightly longer Repeat Marks First and Second Time Bars

Task Listen to the pieces of music. Write down the dynamic that you hear. Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dynamic

Area of Study 5 Structure and Form

Every piece of music is designed in a certain way. This is called the FORM or STRUCTURE. Binary Form This is one of the most common structures. It has the structure: Section A followed by Section B (or AB) If you heard a verse and a chorus of a piece of music, this would be in Binary form as section A would be the verse and section B would be the chorus. Section A and B are different sections. It is also used in a lot of Baroque music where section A is repeated twice followed by section B repeated twice. Ternary Form This is one of the most common structures. It has the structure: Section A followed by Section B and then Section A again (or ABA) This form is used a lot in music of the Western Classical Tradition especially in Baroque Arias (Da Capo Arias). This structure is also found in the Minuet and Trio (or Minuet and Scherzo) which is the third movement of the sonata, symphony or string quartet. Rondo Form ‘Rondo’ form often occurs is usually the last movement of a sonata, symphony, concerto or piece of chamber music. It has the structure: ABACA Theme and Variation Form This is a ‘theme’ which is the basis of the set of variations. Therefore the structure could be shown as: A (Theme) A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 (Variations)

Call and Response Form Call and Response is used widely in African Music. It has the form where there is a ‘call’ which is then responded to with the ‘response’. However, it is also used in other ways such as the following example from ‘My Generation’ by The Who Call Response Popular Song Form Introduction – Verse 1 – Prechorus (or bridge) – chorus – Interlude – Verse 2 – Prechorus (Bridge) – Chorus – Middle 8 – (Verse 3) – (Prechorus (Bridge)) – Chorus – Ending. Task Listen to the piece of music. Which form do you think it is? Choose from Binary, Ternary or Rondo Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 Form / Structure – Binary, Ternary or Rondo?

STRAND 1 THE WESTERN CLASSICAL TRADITION

HISTORY OF MUSIC TIMELINE Stravinsky 1882 -1971 Schoenberg 1874 -1951 Haydn 17321809 Start of Twentieth Century Start of Romantic Period Start of Classical Period Start of Baroque Period Cristofori invents the piano (1720) Barber 19101981 2000 Grieg 18431907 1900 1700 1600 Beethoven 1 712 -1773 Schostakovich 1906 -1975 Tchaikovsky 1840 -1893 1800 Mozart 17561791 Vivaldi 16781741 Pachelbel 16531706 Rachmaninov 1873 -1943

Baroque Music - Handel

Classical Music - Mozart

Romantic Music - Strauss

The Orchestra Instruments are placed in INSTRUMENTAL FAMILIES: These are called: • Strings • Woodwind • Brass • Percussion

Strings Violin Cello Viola Double Bass

Woodwind Flute Piccolo Clarinet Oboe Bassoon Saxophone

Brass Trumpet Horn Trombone Tuba

Percussion Snare Drum Tambourine Timpani Drum Triangle

TASK: Instruments of the Orchestra Listen to the 10 piece of music. For each piece, name the solo instrument as well as naming the instrumental family from which the solo instrument comes. Question Number Piece 1 Piece 2 Piece 3 Piece 4 Piece 5 Piece 6 Piece 7 Piece 8 Piece 9 Piece 10 Name of solo Instrumental Family from which the solo instrument comes

BAROQUE ORCHESTRAL MUSIC Harpsichord

Instruments in the Baroque Orchestra Keyboard Instruments The Baroque orchestra uses a keyboard instrument called a harpsichord. The harpsichord is not the same as a piano. When a key is pressed down, a string inside the harpsichord is plucked. This makes it impossible to sustain notes. The harpsichord acts as a BASSO CONTINUO. This means that the harpsichord player plays music from numbers and a bass line to provide a harmony part. Usually a viol (an early cello) also plays this bass part along with the harpsichord. Strings Early string instruments were call viols. The violin family replaced the viol family and were used in late Baroque music. The Contrabass (or double bass) continued to be used for the basso continuo (along with the bass viol or cello) Woodwind The main woodwind instruments used were the bassoon, flute and oboe. Some brass instruments were used to fill in harmonies but these were NEVER USED AS SOLO INSTRUMENTS. Percussion Timpani drums were the only percussion instrument used at this time

Forms of Music in the Baroque Period The Concerto There are two types of concerto: 1) 2) Solo Concerto – for solo instrument and orchestra Concerto Grosso – for a group of solo instruments and orchestra The Concerto often incorporated a cadenza which is a difficult and improvised part for the soloist. The soloist could show off their skills. The Baroque Suite This is a collection of dances 1. Overture The Baroque suite was generally begun with a French overture 2. Allemande Often the first dance of an instrumental suite the allemande was a very popular dance. The allemande was played at a moderate tempo and could start on any beat of the bar. 3. Courante The courante is a lively, French dance with 3 beats per bar. 4. Sarabande The sarabande, a Spanish dance, is one of the slowest of the baroque dances. It also has 3 beats per bar. It has an emphasis on the second beat, creating the characteristic 'halting‘ rhythm of the Sarabande. 5. Gigue The gigue is an upbeat and lively baroque dance in 6/8, and usually ends the Baroque Suite. The form of all of these movements of the suite was BINARY Minuet and Trio Later on in the Baroque period, the Minuet became part of the Suite (explained in the section on Baroque Music). The minuet and trio is in ternary form as follows: MINUET – TRIO – MINUET From the minuet, a scherzo was later developed which was a faster form of the minuet. The scherzo was also played with a trio.

Variation Form (Baroque) Variations were improvised on a GROUND BASS. The ground bass is a repeated bass line which never changes. The Baroque Sonata There were 3 types of sonata: 1) 2) 3) An unaccompanied solo sonata written for violin or cello An accompanied solo sonata written for different instruments with basso continuo A trio sonata written for two solo instruments and basso continue. TASK Listen to the piece of music. From which movement of the Baroque Suite does this piece come? Give ONE reason for your answer Question 1 This piece of music comes from (Circle your answer) Allemande Courante Sarabande Gigue Reason _________________________________________________________________________ Question 2 This piece of music comes from (Circle your answer) Allemande Courante Sarabande Gigue Reason _________________________________________________________________________

Chamber Music Chamber music is music written for a small group of instruments. This would enable the musicians to fit into a room or a ‘chamber’. String Quartet – this is a piece for 4 players. The instruments used a two violins, a viola and a cello Piano Trio – this is a piece for 3 players. There must be someone playing a piano plus two other parts, usually a violin and a cello. Other chamber music consists of music for other small groups such as quintets (pieces for 5 players) TASK: Is it a sonata, a symphony, a concerto, a string quartet or a piano trio? Listen to the pieces of music. For each you must decide if it is an example of a sonata, concerto, symphony, string quartet or piano trio. HINT: THERE IS ONLY ONE EXAMPLE OF EACH TYPE OF WORK. Piece Number Piece number 1 Piece number 2 Piece number 3 Piece number 4 Piece number 5 Sonata/ Concerto/ Symphony/ String Quartet or a Piano Trio Reason Why

The Sonata This is a piece of music for solo piano OR solo instrument with piano accompaniment The concerto This is a piece of music for solo instrument and orchestra The Symphony This is a piece of music for orchestra TASK Listen to the pieces of music. For each you must decide whether the piece you can hear comes from a Sonata, a Concerto or a Symphony. You must then give a reason for your answer. Piece Number Piece number 1 Piece number 2 Piece number 3 Piece number 4 Sonata/ Concerto or Reason Why Symphony

MUSIC FOR VOICE Voice Type Description Soprano A high pitched female voice Alto A low pitched female voice Treble A boy’s voice Tenor A high pitched male voice Bass A low pitched male voice

Madrigal A madrigal is a secular (non-religious) Renaissance and Baroque vocal work. It most frequently had between 3 and 6 performers and it was polyphonic/ contrapuntal, where one part would copy another, creating an interweaving texture. This music is strophic where each verse has the same or very similar music. Madrigals often end phrases with a Tierce de Picardie. This is when a major chord is substituted for the expected minor chord. Aria An aria is a song for voice, most usually taken from an opera (a stage dramatisation containing singing and no speaking which is accompanied by an orchestra) but arias can also be taken from oratorios (a choral work based on the bible sung by a choir with soloists plus an orchestra) and cantatas (a vocal piece for one or two singers accompanied by a harpsichord). A ‘Da Capo’ aria is one written in ternary form (ABA) A ‘Through-composed’ aria is one which has different music for each of it’s verses i. e. there is no repetition. Opera This is the main work from which the aria is taken. An opera is a stage dramatisation containing singing and no speaking which is accompanied by an orchestra. It is not religious and is usually based on historical themes Oratorio Arias can be taken from oratorios. An oratorio is a choral work based on the bible sung by a choir with soloists plus an orchestra. Cantata This is a vocal piece based on a religious or non-religious text for one or two singers, accompanied by harpsichord. Later on the cantata was known as either an opera or an oratorio as it was too similar.

STRAND 2 POPULAR MUSIC OF THE 20 TH AND 21 ST CENTURIES

BLUES Blues music is characterised by the use of a specific chord pattern – the 12 bar blues. C C F F C C G F C C This chord progression is used in conjunction with the blues scale Blue notes give music a bluesy feel. They are the flattened 3 rd, the flattened 5 th and the flattened 7 th degrees of the scale. 1) C 2) D 3) Eb 4) F 5) Gb 6) A 7) Bb There will also probably be a walking bass line. Walking bass line in the key of G major Task Listen to the walking bass line, blues melody and 12 bar blues chord progression in the song ‘You Upset Me Baby’ by B. B. King Born: 16 th Sept 1925

Popular Song Form Introduction – Verse 1 – Prechorus (or bridge) – chorus – Interlude – Verse 2 – Prechorus (Bridge) – Chorus – Middle 8 – (Verse 3) – (Prechorus (Bridge)) – Chorus – Ending. Task Listen to the song. Write down the order of the sections of the song, starting with the intro Name of Song ___________________________ Artist __________________________________ Song Structure _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Have a look at the other number 1 hits of the 1960 s at: www. everyhit. com Task Listen to the songs from the 1960 s and answer the questions Question 1 a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _____________ b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing: i) _____ ii) ________ iii) ______ iv) _____ c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is? _________________________________________________________ Question 2 a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _____________ b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing: i) _____ ii) ________ iii) ______ iv) _____ c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is? _________________________________________________________

Question 3 a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _____________ b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing: i) _____ ii) ________ iii) ______ iv) _____ c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is? _________________________________________________________ Question 4 a) Name the type of solo voice(s) _____________ b) Name 4 instruments that you can hear playing: i) _____ ii) ________ iii) ______ iv) _____ c) What do you think the STRUCTURE of the song is? _________________________________________________________

R ‘n’ B and Hip Hop – This is music that contains rapping (e. g. Kanye West – Gold Digger) R ‘n’ B - This is the name given to current music with a soul and funk influence. (e. g. Rihanna – Take a Bow) Task Listen to the following songs. Write down which style of music that you think it is and why. You can choose from the following styles: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1960 s pop Blues Rock R ‘n’ B Hip Hop Musical Theatre Piece Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Style of Music Reason why

Rock Music EXTRA FACTS THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW • In rock music, guitars often use an effect called: DISTORTION Guitar distortion can provide a sustaining tone for playing solos or leads, or a rough, crunchy tone suitable for rhythm guitar. Distortion and other guitar effects are produced by a guitar pedal which plugged into the electric guitar. Task Apart from distortion, find out what other effects can be produced on a guitar and write them below. Other guitar effects are _____________________________________________ ___________________________________

MUSICAL THEATRE Musical theatre is the use of spoken word with songs interspersed throughout the story. Task How many musicals can you name? 1. 4. 7. 2. 5. 8. 3. 6. 9. Task Listen to the song from a musical. For each song • explain what the song is about. • If you can, name the musical • Name the solo voices • Name at least 3 instruments that you can hear • Give one other interesting feature of the music. Question 1 a) What is the song about? ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ b) Name the musical _________________________ c) Name the solo voice(s) __________________________ d) Name 3 instruments ___________ _______ e) Name one other interesting feature ______________________

Question 2 a) What is the song about? ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ b) Name the musical _________________________ c) Name the solo voice(s) __________________________ d) Name 3 instruments ___________ _______ e) Name one other interesting feature ______________________ Question 3 a) What is the song about? ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ b) Name the musical _________________________ c) Name the solo voice(s) __________________________ d) Name 3 instruments ___________ _______ e) Name one other interesting feature ______________________ Question 4 a) What is the song about? ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ b) Name the musical _________________________ c) Name the solo voice(s) __________________________ d) Name 3 instruments ___________ _______ e) Name one other interesting feature ______________________

STRAND 3 WORLD MUSIC

Music and Culture What makes music unique to a specific culture? What role does music play in any society?

Music from Africa What do you already know? Match up the terms with the definitions. • Call and response Repeating pattern Lead drummer of a group • Cross-rhythm • Polyrhythm • Djembe • Dundun • A capella • Ostinato • Master Drummer Without musical accompaniment Statement from the lead and reply from the rest of the group A type of African drum hit with the hand A type of African drum hit with a stick Two or more independent rhythms playing together Two beats and three beat patterns going against each other challenging the time signature on the ear

WORLD MUSIC AFRICA • Syncopated rhythms • Cross-rhythms • Fast tempo • Lively and Upbeat • Call and Response DJEMBE Words particularly associated with African Music are:

Master Drummer • A Master Drummer is really important in African music. • Usually a senior member of the drumming ensemble directs the group, issues drumming cues to indicate new sections of the music, and improvising complicated rhythms over a repeated pattern • A master djembe player is called the djembefola

African Composition Rhythm Tempo Improvisation Dynamics Texture Timbre Structure Polyrhythm Beginning: Master Drummer plays four beats Pattern: Play the rhythm and say the words Part 1 - Shake rattle and roll Part 2 - I’m from Trowbridge Part 3 - Chicken Burgers Break: four cymbal beats Everyone: A cat, a dog, a monkey too, oh and a big wet fish… urgh! End: Play pattern four times- This time Shake (CLAP) rattle and roll. End on last “Trowbridge”

African Composition Beginning: Instruments: Pattern: Musical Features Break: End:

TASK Listen to the piece of African music. 1) Name the main African instrument(s) playing 2) Use at least 5 musical words to describe it Question 1 The main African instrument playing is _____________ Five musical words to describe this piece are: • ________________________________________________________ • ____________________________ Question 2 The main African instrument playing is _____________ Five musical words to describe this piece are: • ________________________________________________________ • ____________________________

Musical Styles: Reggae • Reggae is an important type of rock music from Jamaica. Its origins can be found in Mento, Ska and Rock Steady. Reggae changed the traditional rock patterns by allow the guitar to play the off-beat chords, while the bass guitar played melodic patterns.

Musical Styles: Calypso

Musical Styles: Ska • http: //www. youtube. com/wat ch? v=CDAi. Q-P 7 Go. A

Musical Styles: Rock Steady

Musical Styles: Merengue

Playing Reggae Music

Playing Reggae Music

CARIBBEAN • Syncopated Rhythms • Other European instruments • Fast tempo • Lively and Upbeat STEEL DRUM Words particularly associated with Caribbean Music are:

TASK Listen to the piece of Caribbean music. 1) Name the main Caribbean instrument(s) playing 2) Use at least 5 musical words to describe it Question 1 The main Caribbean instrument playing is ____________ Five musical words to describe this piece are: • ________________________________________________________ • ____________________________ Question 2 The main Caribbean instrument playing is ____________ Five musical words to describe this piece are: • ________________________________________________________ • ____________________________

INDIA TABLA DRUMS SITAR • Indian Scale (Raga) • Drone Words particularly associated with Indian Music are:

Traditional Instruments • Sitar – a large long necked string instrument with 4 -7 metal strings. Five are plucked for the melody and the other two create drone notes. • Tambura – Backing instrument to create the drone. • Tabla – Tabla is a pair drums. The smaller, right-hand drum is called the tabla. The larger, lower-sounding drum is called the baya. – The sarangi: bowed string instrument – The bansuri: flute made of bamboo – The shenhai: instrument with a double reed – Singers

Indian Raga • Indian classical music is based on Ragas • A raga is a set of notes (usually between 5 and 8) which are combined to create a particular mood • There are different raga’s (set of notes) for different times of the day • They are often influenced by religion, history and stories • Raga performances are improvised • They are passed down to generation by word of mouth • In each raga you will have the following elements: – Melody Drone Rhythm STRUCTURE • The tradition for a raga performance is to have three phases. • There are no gaps between the different phases • 1) The Alap Section - This is the opening of the piece. It tends to be very slow and only the melody and drone notes play • 2) The. Jor Section - This follows on from the ‘Alap’ section. The Tal rhythm enters and the music is still relaxed • 3) The Jhala Section - The Jhala follows the Jor section. This is the development section and the music builds up in tempo. In this section the melody and rhythm players take it in turn to improvise. The piece will then come to an end.

TASK Listen to the piece of Indian music. 1) Name the main Indian instrument(s) playing 2) Use at least 5 musical words to describe it Question 1 The main Indian instrument (s) playing is ____________ Five musical words to describe this piece are: • ________________________________________________________ • ____________________________ Question 2 The main Indian instrument (s) playing is ____________ Five musical words to describe this piece are: • ________________________________________________________ • ____________________________