Gateway To Space ASEN 1400 ASTR 2500 Class

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Gateway To Space ASEN 1400 / ASTR 2500 Class #23 Colorado Space Grant Consortium

Gateway To Space ASEN 1400 / ASTR 2500 Class #23 Colorado Space Grant Consortium T-18

Today: - Announcements - Guest Lecture – Spacecraft Propulsion - Launch is in 18

Today: - Announcements - Guest Lecture – Spacecraft Propulsion - Launch is in 18 days

Announcements… Brady’s Talk… - What did you think? HW #8… - Everyone turn it

Announcements… Brady’s Talk… - What did you think? HW #8… - Everyone turn it in? Movie Night Tonight… - Show of hands as to who is coming 3

Next Class… Guest Lecture on Structures + Mission Simulations Colorado Space Grant Consortium

Next Class… Guest Lecture on Structures + Mission Simulations Colorado Space Grant Consortium

Next Class… Guest Lecture on Structures + Mission Simulations Colorado Space Grant Consortium

Next Class… Guest Lecture on Structures + Mission Simulations Colorado Space Grant Consortium

Mission Simulations… Bring all hardware - Be prepared to give a 60 second into

Mission Simulations… Bring all hardware - Be prepared to give a 60 second into - Be prepared to activate at beginning of class - Be prepared to give a 60 second wrap up at end 6

Spacecraft Propulsion Steve Hevert Lockheed Martin Colorado Space Grant Consortium

Spacecraft Propulsion Steve Hevert Lockheed Martin Colorado Space Grant Consortium

http: //my. execpc. com/~culp/space/as 07_lau. jpg An Introduction to Space Propulsion Stephen Hevert Affiliate

http: //my. execpc. com/~culp/space/as 07_lau. jpg An Introduction to Space Propulsion Stephen Hevert Affiliate Professor Metropolitan State College of Denver

 • Initiating or changing the motion of a body • Translational (linear, moving

• Initiating or changing the motion of a body • Translational (linear, moving faster or slower) • Rotational (turning about an axis) www. hearlihy. com What Is Propulsion? • Space propulsion • Rocket launches • Controlling satellite motion • Maneuvering spacecraft • Jet propulsion • Using the momentum of ejected mass (propellant) to create a reaction force, inducing motion At one time it was believed that rockets could not work in a vacuum -- they needed air to push against!!

Jet Propulsion Classifications • Air-Breathing Systems • Also called duct propulsion. • Vehicle carries

Jet Propulsion Classifications • Air-Breathing Systems • Also called duct propulsion. • Vehicle carries own fuel; surrounding air (an oxidizer) is used for combustion and thrust generation • Gas turbine engines on aircraft… …or go karts! • Rocket Propulsion • Vehicle carries own fuel and oxidizer, or other expelled propellant to generate thrust: • Can operate outside of the Earth’s atmosphere • Launch vehicles, upper stages, Earth orbiting satellites and interplanetary spacecraft … or … a rocket powered scooter! www. gadgets-reviews. com www. the-rocketman. com

Space Propulsion Classifications Systems that use an expellant (e. g. on-board propellant) Stored Gas

Space Propulsion Classifications Systems that use an expellant (e. g. on-board propellant) Stored Gas or Vapor o Compressed gas o Ammonia o Butane o Nitrous Oxide Solar o Solar thermal o Solar electric Chemical o Liquid o Solid o Hybrid Electric o Electrothermal o Electrostatic o Electromagnetic Beamed Energy o Laser thermal o Microwave electric We’ll look at some of these today… Nuclear o Nuclear thermal o Nuclear electric o Antimatter Systems that do not carry an expellant (extract energy/force from external source) Sails o Solar sails (light or solar wind) o M 2 P 2 (charged particles) Tethers o Stationary o Rotating o Electrodynamic o Pumped Beamed Energy o Laser reflector (light sail) o Microwave (Starwisp) Aero/Gravity Assist o Aero assist o Aero braking o Aero capture o Gravity assist Interstellar Ramjet o Bussard drive Breakthrough Propulsion Physics o Space drives (warp drives) o Wormholes o Antigravity

Space Propulsion Applications Terrestrial/Atmosphere/ Suborbital Earth to Orbit www. army-technology. com Tactical Missiles Sounding

Space Propulsion Applications Terrestrial/Atmosphere/ Suborbital Earth to Orbit www. army-technology. com Tactical Missiles Sounding Rockets Ballistic Missiles Launch Vehicles blog. wired. com In-Space Realm of Existing Technology The Future Orbit Transfer Earth Orbiting Upper Stages & Satellites Lunar Missions Interplanetary Missions Space Exploration Interstellar Space Exploration Star Trek!! www. psrd. hawaii. edu

Space Propulsion Functions • Primary propulsion • Launch and ascent • Maneuvering • Orbit

Space Propulsion Functions • Primary propulsion • Launch and ascent • Maneuvering • Orbit transfer, station keeping, trajectory correction • Auxiliary propulsion • Attitude control • Reaction control • Momentum management www. nasm. si. edu www. ksc. nasa. gov

A Brief History of Rocketry • China (1232 AD) • Earliest recorded use of

A Brief History of Rocketry • China (1232 AD) • Earliest recorded use of rockets • Black powder • Russia (early 1900’s) • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky • Orbital mechanics, rocket equation • United States (1920’s) • Robert Goddard • First liquid fueled rocket (1926) • Germany (1940’s) onenew. wordpress. com Wan-Hu tried to launch himself to the moon by attaching 47 black powder rockets to a large wicker chair! (…Chinese folk tale) Dr. Goddard goddard. littleto npublicschools. net • Wernher von Braun • V-2 • Hermann Oberth • Russia (USSR) • Phenomenal contributions… • Korolev, Glushko, Keldysh Prof. Tsiolkovsky www. geocities. com www. britannica. com Dr. von Braun

Stored Gas Propulsion Propellant Tank Gas Fill Valve P Pressure Gage Filter High Pressure

Stored Gas Propulsion Propellant Tank Gas Fill Valve P Pressure Gage Filter High Pressure Isolation Valve Pressure Regulator Low Pressure Isolation Valve Thruster • Primary or auxiliary propulsion • High pressure gas (propellant) is fed to low pressure nozzles through pressure regulator • Release of gas through nozzles (thrusters) generates thrust • Currently used for momentum management of the Spitzer Space telescope • Propellants include nitrogen, helium • Very simple in concept

Chemical Propulsion Classifications • Liquid Propellant www. aerospaceweb. org en. wikivisual. com • Pump

Chemical Propulsion Classifications • Liquid Propellant www. aerospaceweb. org en. wikivisual. com • Pump Fed • Launch vehicles, large upper stages • Pressure Fed • Smaller upper stages, spacecraft • Monopropellant • Fuel only • Bipropellant • Fuel & oxidizer • Solid Propellant • Launch vehicles, Space Shuttle, spacecraft • Fuel/ox in solid binder • Hybrid news. bbc. co. uk • Solid fuel/liquid ox • Sounding rockets, X Prize

Monopropellant Systems Nitrogen or helium Hydrazine Propellant Tank Fuel Fill Valve P Isolation Valve

Monopropellant Systems Nitrogen or helium Hydrazine Propellant Tank Fuel Fill Valve P Isolation Valve Filter Thrusters Pressure Gage • Hydrazine fuel is most common monopropellant. • N 2 H 4 • Decomposed in thruster using iridium catalyst to produce hot gas for thrust. • Older systems used hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) before the advent of hydrazine catalysts. • Typically operate in blowdown mode (pressurant and fuel in common tank). Thrusts of 1 to 400 N (0. 2 to 100 lbf ) are common.

Monopropellant Systems 5 lbf thrusters used on the Compton Space Telescope (Gamma Ray Observatory)

Monopropellant Systems 5 lbf thrusters used on the Compton Space Telescope (Gamma Ray Observatory) Northrop Grumman 1 lbf thrusters manufactured by Northrop Grumman www. aerojet. com

Bipropellant Systems OX FUEL P P Isolation Valves Thrust Chamber Engine Nozzle • A

Bipropellant Systems OX FUEL P P Isolation Valves Thrust Chamber Engine Nozzle • A fuel and an oxidizer are fed to the engine through an injector and combust in the thrust chamber of the engine • Combustion products accelerate in a convergingdiverging nozzle • Hypergolic: no igniter needed -propellants react on contact in thrust chamber • Cryogenic propellants include LOX (-423 ºF) and LH 2 (-297 ºF). • Igniter required • Storable propellants include kerosene (RP-1), hydrazine, nitrogen tetroxide (N 2 O 4), monomethylhydrazine (MMH)

Bipropellant Thrusters 4 N AMPAC-ISP Astrium AMPAC-ISP Bipropellant thrusters are used for orbit transfer

Bipropellant Thrusters 4 N AMPAC-ISP Astrium AMPAC-ISP Bipropellant thrusters are used for orbit transfer and for attitude control, with thrusts ranging from 4 to 440 N (1 to 100 lbf )

Liquid Propellant Systems • Pump fed systems • Propellant delivered to engine using turbopump

Liquid Propellant Systems • Pump fed systems • Propellant delivered to engine using turbopump • Gas turbine drives centrifugal or axial flow pumps • Large, high thrust, long burn systems: launch vehicles, space shuttle • Different cycles developed. F-1 Engine Turbopump H-1 Engine Turbopump A 35’x 15’x 4. 5’ (ave. depth) backyard pool holds about 18, 000 gallons of water. How quickly could the F-1 turbopumps empty it ? F-1 engine turbopump: • 55, 000 bhp turbine drive • 15, 471 gpm (RP-1) • 24, 811 gpm (LOX) Ans: In ~27 seconds! Photos history. nasa. gov

Rocket Engine Power Cycles • Gas Generator Cycle • Simplest • Most common •

Rocket Engine Power Cycles • Gas Generator Cycle • Simplest • Most common • Small amount of fuel and oxidizer fed to gas generator • Gas generator combustion products drive turbine • Turbine powers fuel and oxidizer pumps • Turbine exhaust can be vented through pipe/nozzle, or dumped into nozzle • Saturn V F-1 www. aero. org/publications/ crosslink/winter 2004/03_side bar 3. html www. answers. com

Rocket Engine Power Cycles - cont • Expander www. aero. org/publications/ crosslink/winter 2004/03_sidebar 3.

Rocket Engine Power Cycles - cont • Expander www. aero. org/publications/ crosslink/winter 2004/03_sidebar 3. html science. nasa. gov • Fuel is heated by nozzle and thrust chamber to increase energy content • Sufficient energy provided to drive turbine • Turbine exhaust is fed to injector and burned in thrust chamber • Higher performance than gas generator cycle • Pratt-Whitney RL-10

Rocket Engine Power Cycles - cont • Staged Combustion www. rocketrelics. com www. aero.

Rocket Engine Power Cycles - cont • Staged Combustion www. rocketrelics. com www. aero. org/publications/ crosslink/winter 2004/03_side bar 3. html shuttle. msfc. nasa. gov • Fuel and oxidizer burned in preburners (fuel/ox rich) • Combustion products drive turbine • Turbine exhaust fed to injector at high pressure • Used for high pressure engines • Most complex, requires sophisticated turbomachinery • Not very common, but very high performance • SSME (2700 psia)

The Big Engines… F-1 Engine Saturn V 1. 5 million lbs thrust (SL) LOX/Kerosene

The Big Engines… F-1 Engine Saturn V 1. 5 million lbs thrust (SL) LOX/Kerosene www. flickr. com Main Engine Space Shuttle 374, 000 lbs thrust (SL) LOX/H 2 spaceflight. nasa. gov RD-170 1. 78 million lbs thrust (SL) LOX/Kerosene www. aerospaceguide. net

Solid Propellant Motors • Fuel and oxidizer are in solid binder. • Single use

Solid Propellant Motors • Fuel and oxidizer are in solid binder. • Single use -- no restart capability. • Lower performance than liquid systems, but much simpler. • Applications include launch vehicles, upper stages, and space vehicles. www. aerospaceweb. org www. propaneperformance. com www. nationalmuseum. af. mil

Hybrid Motors • Combination liquid-solid propellant Oxidizer Tank • Solid fuel • Liquid oxidizer

Hybrid Motors • Combination liquid-solid propellant Oxidizer Tank • Solid fuel • Liquid oxidizer • Multi-start capability Ox Control Valve • Terminate flow of oxidizer • Fuels consist of rubber or plastic base, and are inert. • Just about anything that burns… Solid Propellant Nozzle • Oxidizers include LO 2, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and nitrous oxide (NO 2) • Shut-down/restart capability.

Propulsion Calculations • Thrust & Specific Impulse • Thrust is the amount of force

Propulsion Calculations • Thrust & Specific Impulse • Thrust is the amount of force generated by the rocket. • Specific impulse is a measure of performance (analogous to miles per gallon) • Units are seconds • Rocket Equation Rocket equation assumes no losses (gravity effects, aerodynamic drag). Actually very accurate for short burns in Earth orbit or in deep space!

Specific Impulse Comparison • • • Stored gas Monopropellant hydrazine Solid rocket motors Hybrid

Specific Impulse Comparison • • • Stored gas Monopropellant hydrazine Solid rocket motors Hybrid rockets Storable bipropellants LOX/LH 2 • • • 60 -179 sec 185 -235 sec 280 -300 sec 290 -340 sec 300 -330 sec 450 sec Specific impulse depends on many factors: altitude, nozzle expansion ratio, mixture ratio (bipropellants), combustion temperature, combustion pressure www. rocketrelics. com This thruster was used on the Viking Lander. It has a specific impulse of about 225 seconds.

Mission Delta-V Requirements Mission (duration) ΔV (km/sec) Earth surface to LEO 7. 6 LEO

Mission Delta-V Requirements Mission (duration) ΔV (km/sec) Earth surface to LEO 7. 6 LEO to Earth Escape 3. 2 LEO to Mars (0. 7 yrs) 5. 7 LEO to Neptune (29. 9 yrs) 13. 4 LEO to Neptune (5. 0 yrs) 70 LEO to Alpha-Centauri (50 yrs) 30, 000 LEO = Low Earth orbit (approx. 274 km) That’s actually very low….

Propellant Calculation Exercise • Determine the mass of propellant to send a 2500 kg

Propellant Calculation Exercise • Determine the mass of propellant to send a 2500 kg spacecraft from LEO to Mars (0. 7 yr mission). • Assume the 2500 kg includes the propellant on-board at the start of the burn. • Assume our engine has a specific impulse of 310 sec (typical of a small bipropellant engine). • Use the rocket equation: Most of our spacecraft is propellant! Only 383 kg is left for structure, etc! How could we improve this?

 • Classifications • • Electrothermal Electrostatic Electromagnetic Characteristics • • • www-ssc. igpp.

• Classifications • • Electrothermal Electrostatic Electromagnetic Characteristics • • • www-ssc. igpp. ucla. edu Electric Propulsion Very low thrust Very high Isp • > 1000 sec Requires large amounts of power (kilowatts) This image of a xenon ion engine, photographed through a port of the vacuum chamber where it was being tested at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, shows the faint blue glow of charged atoms being emitted from the engine. The ion propulsion engine is the first non-chemical propulsion to be used as the primary means of propelling a spacecraft.

Electrothermal Propulsion • • Electrical power is used to add energy to exhaust products

Electrothermal Propulsion • • Electrical power is used to add energy to exhaust products Resistojet • rocket. itsc. uah. edu • • Catalytic decomposition of hydrazine is augmented with high power electric heater 800 – 5, 000 W Arcjet • • High voltage arc at nozzle throat adds thermal energy to exhaust Various gaseous or vaporized propellants can be used. www. fathom. com www. nasa. gov www. waynesthisandthat. com

Electrostatic Propulsion • Electrostatic forces are used to accelerate charged particles to very high

Electrostatic Propulsion • Electrostatic forces are used to accelerate charged particles to very high velocities • Xenon Ion Thruster www. plasma. inpe. br aerospace. engin. umich. edu • Xenon propellant • Xenon is ionized by electron bombardment • Thermionic cathode • Positively charged particles accelerated by grid • Electrons routed to second anode and injected into beam to neutralize ESA’s SMART-1 uses a xenon ion propulsion system (XIPS)

Electromagnetic Propulsion • Electromagnetic forces are used to accelerate a plasma • A gas

Electromagnetic Propulsion • Electromagnetic forces are used to accelerate a plasma • A gas consisting of positive ions, electrons • 5000 – 9000 R • Neutral beam is produced • Higher thrust per unit area than electrostatic thruster • Classifications • Magnetoplasmadynamic • Pulsed plasma • Electric discharge creates plasam from solid Telfon • Hall effect • Developed in Russia • Flew on U. S. STEx mission (1998) www. nasa. gov

Interstellar Missions – The Future • The challenges are formidable • Immense distances… •

Interstellar Missions – The Future • The challenges are formidable • Immense distances… • Alpha Centauri = 4. 5 LY (closest interstellar neighbor) § 1 LY = 9. 46 x 1012 km = 5. 878 x 1012 mi § Universe = ~156 billion LY across • Immense size & mass & energy & speeds required… • Propulsion systems with dimensions of 1000’s km • Power levels 1000’s x greater than Human Civilization now produces ( > 14 TW est. ) • Speeds ~. 4 c -. 6 c (c = speed of light) • Trip times… Robotic Rendezvous goals • 4. 5 LY in < 10 years • 40 LY in < 100 years (radius of nearest 1000 stars) • Relativistic effects… • Because of time dilation and mass increase; length contraction • On telecommunications • From collisions with interstellar matter

Consider the Voyager I Spacecraft… • 29 years after launch in 1977: spacetoday. org

Consider the Voyager I Spacecraft… • 29 years after launch in 1977: spacetoday. org • It had travelled ~100 AU • Far beyond Pluto • ~150 million km • 13. 9 light-hours from sun • Moving at 17. 4 km/s • 0. 006% of the speed of light • One of the fastest man-made vehicles • It would take another 74, 000 years to reach Alpha Centauri at this rate • Advanced technologies and breakthroughs will be necessary to reach the stars… Source: Frisbee, R. , “Impact of Interstellar Vehicle Acceleration and Cruise Velocity on Total Mission Mass and Trip Time, ” AIAA 20065224, July 2006

Future Propulsion Technologies Interstellar Ramjet • Bussard Drive (1960) • Electromagnetic scoop gathers interstellar

Future Propulsion Technologies Interstellar Ramjet • Bussard Drive (1960) • Electromagnetic scoop gathers interstellar hydrogen for propellant • EM “Scoop” is 1000’s of km in size! daviddarling. info Beamed Energy • Laser Light Sails • Driven by massive spacebased laser and spacebased optics bibliotecapleyades. net

Future Propulsion Technologies- cont Matter-Antimatter • Highest energy per unit mass of any reaction

Future Propulsion Technologies- cont Matter-Antimatter • Highest energy per unit mass of any reaction known in physics • Energy released by annihilation of matter by antimatter counterpart Other Space Drive Ideas…

Future Propulsion Technologies- cont Breakthrough Physics • Yes, NASA funds research on • Wormholes

Future Propulsion Technologies- cont Breakthrough Physics • Yes, NASA funds research on • Wormholes • Warp drives bibliotecapleyades. net Wormhole: a “shortcut” through the spacetime continuum daviddarling. info When I began my career in the late 1970’s, we’d joke about electric propulsion being the “propulsion of the future…and always will be!” Today it is used on communications satellites and interplanetary spacecraft. What does the future hold for interstellar propulsion? Now it is the “propulsion of the future”. . . but will it always be?

References • Theory and design • Sutton, G. P. and Biblarz, O. , Rocket

References • Theory and design • Sutton, G. P. and Biblarz, O. , Rocket Propulsion Elements, 7 th ed. , Wiley, 1987 • A classic; covers most propulsion technologies • Huzel, D. K, and Huang, D. H. , Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines (revised edition), Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 147, American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992 • Dieter Huzel was one of the German engineers who came to the U. S. after WW II. • Humble, R. W. , et. al. , Space Propulsion Design and Anaylsis (revised edition), Mc. Graw-Hill, 1995 • Covers chemical (liquid, solid, hybrid), nuclear, electric, and advanced propulsion systems for deep space travel

References - cont • Rocket engine history • Macinnes, P. , Rockets: Sulfur, Sputnik

References - cont • Rocket engine history • Macinnes, P. , Rockets: Sulfur, Sputnik and Scramjets, Allen & Unwin, 2003 • Clary, D. A. , Rocket Man: Robert H. Goddard and the Birth of the Space Age, Hyperion Special Markets, 2003 • Ordway, F. I. and Sharpe, M. , The Rocket Team, Apogee Books, 2003 • The story of Werner von Braun, the V-2 and the transition of the German engineers to the United States following WW II • Sutton, G. P. , History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines, American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006 • New, over 800 pages of rocket engine history

When things go badly… http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. Dnk. EOKR 1 BE

When things go badly… http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. Dnk. EOKR 1 BE